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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM. Equation for CHO metabolism: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 H 2 0 + 6CO 2 + 36 (38)ATP + heat Accomplished by: glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport system . GLYCOLYSIS. Series of reversible reactions Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic Overview:

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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

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  1. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM • Equation for CHO metabolism: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 H20 + 6CO2 + 36 (38)ATP + heat • Accomplished by: • glycolysis • Krebs cycle • electron transport system

  2. GLYCOLYSIS • Series of reversible reactions • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Anaerobic • Overview: glucose 2 pyruvic acid • 2 net ATP formed (4 total made; 2 used = 2 net)

  3. KREBS CYCLE • A cyclic series of reactions • Occurs in mitochondria • Oxidative & substrate phosphorylation • Oxygen is used in the associated electron transport system. • Most ATP formed here by oxidative phosphorylation

  4. KREBS CYCLE • Products: • NADH, FADH2, ATP • By-products of Krebs cycle: • CO2 • metabolic water

  5. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM • On cristae of mitochondria • Aerobic - referred to as OP • Captured electrons brought here by carriers (NADH, FADH2) • 34 ATP

  6. Other Processes of Metabolism • Glycogenesis Formation of glycogen from glucose Stored in: liver & muscle • Glycogenolysis Conversion of glycogen to glucose • Gluconeogenesis Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

  7. Summary of Metabolism Glucose Krebs cycle • 36-38 ATP • Most by oxidative phosphorylation at ETS Proteins Lipid

  8. Appearance • small; • spindle shaped; • uninucleate; • no striations; • in sheets; • no connective tissue coverings SMOOTH MUSCLE - 1

  9. SMOOTH MUSCLE - 2 • Cell Structure • poorly developed SR • T-system absent - caveolae • actin & myosin present; no sarcomeres • tropomyosin present • troponin absent

  10. SMOOTH MUSCLE - 3 • Contraction • electrical coupling - gap junctions • pacemaker cells • ATP • calcium important - calmodulin • prolonged - low energy cost - fatigue resistant • multiple stimuli

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