1 / 26

Age of Augustus

Age of Augustus. “… first citizen [ princeps , who] gathered beneath his empire [ imperium ] a world worn out by civil wars” (Tacitus Annals 1.1.1)

mei
Télécharger la présentation

Age of Augustus

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Age of Augustus “… first citizen [princeps, who] gathered beneath his empire [imperium] a world worn out by civil wars” (Tacitus Annals 1.1.1) “Opposition there was none: the boldest spirits had succumbed on stricken fields or by proscription lists; while the rest of the nobility found a cheerful acceptance of slavery the smoothest road to wealth and office, and, as they had thrived on revolution, stood now for the new order and safety in preference to the old order and adventure” (Tac. Ann. 1.2.1)

  2. Actium: aerial view, reconstruction, 31 BCE”The whole of Italy of its own free will swore allegiance to me and demanded me as the leader in the war in which I was victorious at Actium” (RG 25.2)

  3. “I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people” (RG 27.1) – 23 BCEObelisk of Psammetichus II (7th c. BCE), then the gnomon of the HorologiumAugusti, now in Palazzo di Montecitorio Imp(erator) Caesar divi f(ilius) Augustus pontifexmaximus imp(erator) XII, co(n)s(ul) XI, trib(unicia) pot(estate) XIV Aegypto in potestatem populi Romani redacta Soli donumdedit “Emperor Caesar Augustus son of the divine, chief priest, hailed imperator 12 times, consul 11 times, holding tribunician power for the 14th time once Egypt had been reduced to the power of the Roman people gave this as a gift to the Sun.”

  4. Temple of Rome and Augustus, Ankara, Turkey (Monumentum Ancyranum)

  5. Res GestaeDiviAugusti”Up to the day of writing I have been princepssenatus for forty years” (RG 7.2)

  6. “It was the will of our ancestors that the gateway of Janus Quirinus should be shut when victories had secured peace by land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people; from the foundation of the city down to my birth, tradition records that it was shut only twice, but while I was the leading citizen the senate resolved that it should be shut on three occasions” (RG13). • Closing of the Doors of the Temple of Janus Quirinus: 29 BCE

  7. Augustan aureus, 28 BCE:Augustus seated on the sella curulis LEGES ET IURA P(OPULI) R(OMANI) RESTITUIT “He restored the laws and the rights of the Roman people”

  8. 27 BCE: First “settlement”:auctoritas, Imperator Caesar Augustus &princeps, and transformative vs. transactional power “In my sixth and seventh consulships [28-27 BC], after I had extinguished civil wars, and at a time when with universal consent I was in complete control of affairs, I transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. For this service of mine I was named Augustus by the decree of the senate …. After this time I excelled all in influence [auctoritas], although I possessed no more official power [potestas] than others who were my colleagues in the several magistracies” (RG34.1-3).

  9. 23 BCE: Second “settlement”: maiusimperium & tribuniciapotestas “My name was inserted in the hymn of the Salii by a decree of the senate, and it was enacted by law that my person should be inviolable for ever (sacrosanctus … in perpetuum) and that I should hold the tribunician power for the duration of my life” (RG 10.1). “… the consulship was also offered to me, to be held each year for the rest of my life, and I refused it” (RG 5.3). 12 consulships: 43, 33, 31-23, 5, 2 BCE

  10. Augustan aureus post-23 BCE:corona civica (“civic crown”) made of oak leaves OB CIVIS SERVATOS “for saving the citizens” “… the door-posts of my house were publicly wreathed with bay leaves and a civic crown was fixed over my door … on account of my courage, clemency, justice and piety” (RG34.2)

  11. Prima Porta AugustusOriginal in bronze, 20 BCE

  12. Details on the cuirass: Tiberius(?) receives the standards of Crassus and Antony from a Parthian “I recovered … Spain and Gaul” (RG 29.1; 13 BCE) Personification of Tellus (Mother Earth) with horn of abundance (cornucopia): 2.4B sesterces (RG App. 1) “I compelled the Parthians to restore to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies and to ask as suppliants for the friendship of the Roman people” (RG29.2)

  13. “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble” (Suetonius Life of Augustus 28) “I built …” (RG19) “I restored …” (RG 20) “I built …” (RG 21)

  14. “I built the temple of Mars the Avenger and the Forum Augustum on private ground from the proceeds of booty” (RG21.1) • Vowed in 42 BCE after Philippi (defeat of Caesar’s Republican assassins) • Begun in 20 BCE after Parthian standards recovered • Inaugurated in 2 BCE

  15. Temple of Mars Ultor (Avenger) ”I drove into exile the murderers of my father, avenging their crime through tribunals established by law [43 BC]; and afterwards, when they made war on the republic, I twice defeated them in battle [42 BC]” (RG 2)

  16. Venus & Mars & IuliusCaesar Aeneas & Romulus Augustus

  17. Standards retrieved from Parthia • “In my thirteenth consulship [2 BCE] the senate, the equestrian order and the whole people of Rome gave me the title of Father of my Country, and resolved that this should be inscribed in the porch of my house and in the Curia Julia and in the Forum Augustum below the chariot which had been set there in my honor by decree of the senate” (RG 35.1) “‘I have contrived this to lead the citizens to require me, while I live, and the rulers of later times, as well, to attain the standard set by those worthies of old’“ (Suet. Aug. 31.5)

  18. Augustus as Pontifex Maximusafter 12 BCE “I declined to be made pontifexmaximusin the place of my colleague who was still alive, when the people offered me this priesthood which my father had held. Some years later, after the death of the man who had taken the opportunity of civil disturbance to seize it for himself, I received this priesthood, in the consulship of PubliusSulpicius and Gaius Valgius [12 BC], and such a concourse poured in from the whole of Italy to my election as has never been recorded at Rome before that time” (RG10.2)

  19. Augustan “complex”: • AraPacisAugustae • conqueror of war • HorologiumAugusti • conqueror of time • Mausoleum Augusti • conqueror of death

  20. AraPacisAugustae, 13-9 BCE “When I returned from Spain and Gaul, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and PubliusQuintilius, after successful operations in those provinces, the senate voted in honour of my return the consecration of an altar to Pax Augustain the Campus Martius, and on this altar it ordered the magistrates and priests and Vestal virgins to make annual sacrifice” (RG 12.2)

  21. Horologium / Solarium Augusti Bronze letters set in the pavement:ΕΤΗΣΙΑΙ ΠΑΥΟΝΤΑΙ (“the Etesian winds cease’)

  22. Mausoleum Augusti Res Gestae would have been displayed on the doorposts

  23. Reconstruction of Mausoleum“At the time of writing I am in my 76th year” (RG 35.2)

  24. “May it be my privilege to establish the State in a firm and secure position, and reap from that act the fruit that I desire; but only if I may be called the auctor of the best possible government, and bear with me the hope when I die that the foundations which I have laid for the State will remain unshaken” (Suet. Aug. 28)

  25. “Alas! the lofty city! and alas!The trebly hundred triumphs! and the dayWhen Brutus made the dagger's edge surpassThe conqueror's sword on bearing fame away!Alas, for Tully's voice, and Virgil's lay,And Livy's pictured page! -- but these shall beHer resurrection; all beside -- decay.Alas, for Earth, for never shall we seeThat brightness in her eyes she bore when Rome was free!” • Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, IV.LXXXII (1812-1818) • Roman Forum: • Vedutadi Campo Vaccino (View of the Cow Pasture) by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1772 (Foundation for Landscape Studies)

More Related