SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM

SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM GROWTH OF A NEW NATION (1783-1860)

LAND ACQUISITIONS AND EXPLORATIONS • After the Revolutionary, the newly formed United States began expanding its territory in North America. The following are important land acquisitions

TREATY OF PARIS (1783) • After the Revolutionary War, Great Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris. In the treaty, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and the border of the new nation. The border extended to Canada in the North, to the Mississippi River in the West, and the northern border of Spanish Florida in the South.

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 • Stated that the land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new states, each with the same rights as the original 13. When each territory reached the required number of people, it could apply for statehood.

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787) • Allowed the creation of 3-5 states in the Northwest Territory. The law prohibited slavery in the territory and guaranteed inhabitants freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free public education. Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this territory.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) • President Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure trading on the Mississippi River so he sent representatives to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Napoleon wasn’t interested in selling New Orleans because he planned to revitalize the French colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. After Toussaint L’Ouverture led the people of Haiti to resist French control and Britain resumed its war with France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering to sell not only New Orleans but the entire 900,000 square miles of the Louisiana region for the small price of $15 million.

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION (1804-1806) • President Jefferson chose his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead an expedition to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis chose William Clark to help him lead 48 others on this adventure. They left from St. Louis in May 1804. Along the way they met a very talented Native American Shoshone woman named Sacajawea. She became their translator and guide. They reached the Pacific in November 1805. This led to rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest.

ALABAMA • Alabama was declared a state in 1819. Alabama’s admission restored the balance of slave states and free states caused by Illinois’ admission to the Union as a free state in 1818.

PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE • Democratic-Republican • 5th President • During his presidency, people began thinking of themselves as citizens of a nation, instead of citizens of a state. • This national unity is known as the Era of Good Feelings.

THE MONROE DOCTRINE • Declared that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries or independent countries in the Americans.

IMPORTANT INVENTIONS • 1793= Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seeds from the cotton. The gin made cotton the most profitable crop in the South. • 1807= Robert Fulton used a steam-powered boat to travel up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. • 1829= British engineer George Stephenson, won a competition with his steam-powered locomotive, the Rocket.

A PROTECTIVE TARIFF • Young U.S. manufacturing industry could not compete with low-priced imports from Great Britain. Henry clay proposed a protective tariff (a tax on import) to keep American manufacturing growing. The Tariff of 1816 was passed by Congress to raise tariffs on imports by 20%.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS • To facilitate interstate commerce, Clay proposed internal improvements (better canals and roadways) funded by the federal government’s tariff revenue.

ROADS AND CANALS • During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, Congress approved funding of the National Road which stretched westward from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. The National Road was crude and often impassable, but by standards of that time, it was of high quality. • Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal provided a new shipping route from Buffalo, New York, to Albany, New York. The canal’s success contributed to establishing New York City as the major commercial center of the United States.

PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON • His presidency became known as Jacksonian Democracy because property qualifications for voting white males were dropped supporters to have high positions in government office. Jackson openly allowed his friends and supporters to have high positions in government office. This became known as the Spoils System.

DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION • Senator of South Carolina, John Calhoun promoted it. • “If Congress passes a bill that is very harmful to a particular state, that state is not obligated to enforce the federal law. In addition, if three-fourths of the states believe such a law to be unconstitutional, the law will bull and void.”

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT • In 1830, at Jackson’s urging, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase (present day Oklahoma) in exchange for land taken from them in the East.

U.S. LITERATURE • Noah Webster= distinguished the language used in the United States from the language of Britain when he produced the first American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828. • Ralph Waldo Emerson was a poet and was a leader in the transcendental movement. Transcendentalists believed truth could be found beyond the physical world and that all humans share in the spiritual unity of creation. They believed in individualism and self-reliance and had a reverence for nature. • Henry David Thoreau was a writer, philosopher, and a naturalist. He wrote about his motivation for living apart from society, his simple lifestyle, and his observance of nature. His famous works are Walden and “Civil Disobedience”.

U.S. LITERATURE • Walt Whitman= was a poet who emphasized the great worth of each individual. His break from the traditional poetic styles of his day had a major influence on American Literature. • Nathaniel Hawthorne= was a novelist who wrote about sin, punishment, and atonement. Two of his famous novels are The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables. • Washington Irving= wrote the short stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” • Edgar Allen Poe= poet and master of the short story. Wrote “The Tell-Tale Heart” and his poem “The Raven” • James Fenimore Cooper= wrote The Last of the Mohicans

U.S. LITERATURE • Emily DickinsonWrote more than 1800 poems. Wrote about love, death, and immortality, but only a few were published before her death. • Herman MelvilleBased his novels on his experiences in the U.S. Navy.Wrote Moby Dick, dedicated to his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. • Henry Wadsworth LongfellowWas a very popular poet in the early 1800s.Wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”

SOCIAL UTOPIAS • During the time of Westward Expansion, many social thinkers started creating utopian communities. In theory, these communities would be harmonious and provide the world with the best example of how to live. Several important communities that were started at this time included the Amish, the Mennonites, the Shakers, and the Quakers.

AMISH AND MENNONITES *Established in parts of Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada. *Kept religious purity by living life of simplicity and hard work. *Used the German language in worship. *Live in agricultural communities.

SHAKERS • Established in 1776 • Shakers followed the leadership of Ann Lee. • All Shakers believed in renouncing marriage in favor of celibacy (single life without sex).

QUAKERS • Founded by George Fox • Started as a group of individuals who believed that each person was gifted with “the inner light.” • Gained many followers in the English Colonies in North America. • Noted for their belief in personal divine revelation

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT • Members of this movement wanted to moderate the use of alcohol. • Later, they advocated total abstinence from alcohol. • In the 1850s, they supported the Maine laws which regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol.

THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT • Gained momentum to put an end to slavery. • Abolitionists believed slavery was wrong, and they advocated laws to abolish it.

HARRIET TUBMAN • Hero of the abolition movement. • She escaped slavery by running away to the North. • She returned to the South secretly, nineteen times in order to lead other slaves to freedom by using the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was not actually a railroad but a network of people who helped slaves escape to the northern United States or Canada.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS • Was so smart and well-spoken that people refused to believe he was a slave • Educated himself and became the most prominent African American speaker for the abolition of slavery

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE • Furthered the abolitionist cause through her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin • She was white and had never been a slave • Her book motivated people in the North and in Britain to support the movement to abolish slavery

SOJOURNER TRUTH • Was born into slavery but was freed once New York emancipated slaves in 1828 • She was illiterate but became well-known for her speaking • Spoke for women’s rights and for equality of people of all colors

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT • This movement also began to gain momentum in the 1850’s. Two women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, are best known for starting and supporting this movement.

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON • Organized the first women’s rights convention known as the Seneca Falls Convention • Believed women and men were created equal and fought for women’s right to vote • Also advocated the abolition of slavery

SUSAN B. ANTHONY • Supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol • Supported the abolition movement to free slaves • Supported the women’s rights movement

WOMEN’S RIGHTS • Women who supported the right to vote were known as suffragettes • It was their efforts that changed the constitution with the 19th amendment in 1920

SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM