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Drug Use. Unit 5 - Health. Drugs. Drug – any substance, other than food, that when taken into the body alters the structure or function of the body in some way Medicine – a kind of drug that is taken and applied to the body to prevent or cure a disease or disabling condition
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Drug Use Unit 5 - Health
Drugs • Drug – any substance, other than food, that when taken into the body alters the structure or function of the body in some way • Medicine – a kind of drug that is taken and applied to the body to prevent or cure a disease or disabling condition • Drug misuse - is the taking of a drug for a purpose or by a person other than what it was intended for • Drug abuse – excessive drug use that is inconsistent with accepted medical practice
Categories of Drugs • 1. Those that fight disease producing organisms • 2. Those that prevent disease • 3. Those that effect heart and blood vessels • 4. Those that effect the nervous system
Those that fight disease producing organisms • Antibiotics --work to destroy harmful disease producing organisms in the body • Penicillin – used to kill a wide variety of bacteria “wonder drug” • Tetracycline—used to treat infection – only slow down infection • Topical – used to treat minor cuts, burns, and abrasions -- provide a physical barrier for wounds • Sulfa drugs. large family of germ killers that are made from certain chemical substances- used to prevent growth of bacteria
Those that prevent disease. • a. Vaccines – cause the body to develop antibodies to fight the disease-causing germs • b. Antiserum – blood fluids that contain antibodies and act more quickly than vaccines
Those that effect heart and blood vessels • a. Digitalis – works to increase the force of contractions in the heart - controls irregular heartbeats • b. Diuretics – help relieve water and sodium • c. Vasodilators – enlarge the veins and arteries to increase blood and oxygen flow • d. Antiarrhythmics – given to control any disturbance in the rate, or the rhythm of the heart, • e. Preventive Agents – prevent high blood pressure, blood clots, and the development of fatty deposits
Those that effect the nervous system • a. Analgesics – relieve or stop pain • b. Antidepressants – relieve emotional depression • c. Stimulant – prevent sleep, reduce distractibility in hyperactive children, and suppress appetite • Nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, cocaine, crack • d. Hypnotic – give relief to moderate or mild anxiety or tension, and also aid in sleep • e. Barbiturate – used to prevent seizures • f. Tranquilizers – relieve anxiety or tension • g. Hallucinogens – drugs that alter consciousness
Narcotic Morphine Codeine Oxycodone Non-Narcotic Aspirin Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Common Analgesics
Ten ways to tell if someone is abusing drugs • 1. Abrupt change in attitude --change of friends and lose interest in activities • 2. Mood swings -- seem withdrawn or “out of it” • 3. Decline in performance • 4. Increased sensitivity -intense reactions to criticism • 5. Secrecy
Signs of Drug Abuse cont. • 6. Physical changes - rapid weight loss, odd sleeping hours • 7. Money problems - always short on cash • 8. Changes in appearance -- no regard for personal appearance • 9. Defying of restrictions -- may ignore or refuse to comply with deadlines, curfews, or other regulations • 10. Changes in relationships -- Drug users may quarrel more frequently with family members
Alcohol Use Statistics • Every Year alcohol is a factor in • Over 50% of suicides • 70% of all murders • 50% of all arrests • Nearly 50% of all fatal crashes involving young people • 130,000 injuries to teen drivers • Over 50% of all drownings • 44,000 deaths in U.S. car crashes • At least 45% of all cases of spousal abuse • An estimated cost to business and industry of over $100 billion due to decreased worker productivity and increased accidents
Statistics cont. • The number one cause of death among 15-24 year olds is drinking and driving • On Friday and Saturday nights, 1 out every 10 drivers on the road is drunk
Alcohol • Sedative – a substance that depresses or quiets the central nervous system. The inhibition center of the brain is slowed, so the person relaxes.
Drunk Driving • Reduced ability to judge distances, speeds, turns • Reduced ability to accurately judge one’s own ability • Greater tendency to take risks • Impaired reflexes • Forgetfulness, such as failing to signal • Sleepiness, and inability to concentrate
Body’s response to alcohol • How much and how quickly you drink • Drinking or “chugging” will cause your BAC to soar because your liver can not keep up • What you are drinking • Straight shots of liquor and cocktails push alcohol into your bloodstream faster than beer or wine • Size • Heavier and larger individuals have a large water volume, which dilutes the alcohol they drink • Gender • Women have lower quantities of a stomach enzyme that neutralizes alcohol • Age • Older people have lower level of body water, so their BAC climbs faster than younger people
Body’s response to alcohol • Race • Asians and Native Americans are unable to break down alcohol as fast as Caucasians • Other drugs • Tylenol and other medicines can cause BA levels to rise rapidly • Family history of alcoholism • Can possibly be genetic or behavior • Expectations • People expect changes to their bodies and they relax, talk more, and become more sexually stimulated • Physical tolerance • If you drink regularly, your brain becomes accustomed to a certain level of alcohol.
Smoking • Largest and most preventable cause of death in the United States. • Nearly 500,000 deaths a year • Cost is nearly 22 billion dollars a year in health care costs
Complications from Smoking • Heart Disease and Stroke • Increases heart rate • Increases blood pressure • Constricts blood vessels • Affects the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobins thus less oxygen reaches the heart • Possibly develop congestive heart failure • Cancer • Lung cancer • Accounts for more than 30% of cancer deaths • Smoking causes more than 90% of lung cancer deaths • Respiratory Diseases • Emphysema • Chronic bronchitis • Financial Cost of smoking
HALLUCINOGENS • Hallucinogen drugs are drugs that alter a persons' state of mind and mood. • Hallucinogens can cause a person to hallucinate--that is to see, hear, or feel things that aren't actually real. • Hallucinogens include LSD, Mescaline (Peyote), Psilocybin (Mushrooms) • Ketamineor PCP • alter a person’s state of mind and mood but do not cause a person to hallucinate. • cause a person to detach, or dissociate, from his or her surroundings.
DEPRESSANTS • Depressants are substances that depress the activity of the central nervous system. Depressants are often referred to as "downers" because of their sedative, hypnotic and tranquilizing effects. • There are both legal and illegal depressants. • Alcohol is the most common legal depressant. • Other depressants that are legal are often prescribed medications used to induce sleep, relieve stress, and subdue anxiety. • These prescriptions are often abused as well, such as the case with Rohypnol. • GHB is an illegal depressant often used in drug-facilitated sexual assaults because of its sedative properties (liquid ecstasy)
STIMULANTS • Stimulants are substances that stimulate the activity of the central nervous system. • Stimulants are often referred to as "uppers" because they increase or speed up mental and physical processes in the body. • There are both legal and illegal stimulants. Those stimulants that are legal include nicotine (found in tobacco products) and caffeine. • Stimulants like methylphenidate are prescribed to increase alertness and physical activity. • Illegal stimulants include methamphetamine, cocaine and crack.
INHALANTS Inhalants are common household and workplace substances that are sniffed or huffed to give the user an immediate head rush or high. Inhalants are "sniffed" from an open container or "huffed" from a rag soaked in the substance and held to the face. A new trend, "dusting," involves inhaling common computer cleaners (One brand is Dust-Off) - several deaths have occurred.
Trends of America • Drug usage is at an all time high in America! • Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug • Cocaine is on a major comeback • Heroin, Methamphetamine, Steroids, and Inhalants are all growing in popularity
Effects of Marijuana • THC is the chemical in Marijuana that is responsible for its psychoactive effects. • Effects both the Brain and the Central Nervous System • Impairs thinking, mood, memory, and coordination • Brain cells and Pituitary Glands damaged • Speeds up heart rate and increase blood pressure
Effects cont. • Blood shot eyes with dilated pupils • Damages of air sacs in the lungs, increasing the chance of emphysema • Marijuana smoke has twice as much “tar” as cigarette smoke, and increases the chance of lung cancer • Feelings of panic, anxiety and distrust can be experienced
Ecstasy • Euphoria-inducing stimulant and hallucinogen. It is a derivative of the amphetamine family and a relative of the stimulant methamphetamine. • Taken in pill form, it has a chemical relationship to the psychedelic drug mescaline • Users report that Ecstasy produces intense effects. • Effects include enhanced sense of self-confidence and energy, feelings of peacefulness, acceptance, empathy, closeness with others, loss of inhibitions, transfixion on sights and sounds, blurred vision, chills, sweating.
Ecstasy cont. • Increases heart rate and blood pressure, as well as seizures, are also possible. • The stimulant effects of the drug enable users to dance for extended periods, which when combined with the hot crowded conditions usually found at raves, can lead to severe dehydration • This can lead to muscle breakdown and kidney, liver and cardiovascular failure.
Meth • What is Meth? Methamphetamine – also known as meth, crank, crystal and speed — is a powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulant. • What Does Meth Look Like? Meth is available as a crystalline powder or in rock-like chunks. Meth varies in color, and may be white, yellow, brown or pink. Meth can be smoked, injected or snorted. • Where is Meth Made? Two-thirds of our country's meth supply is produced in super labs in Mexico and Southern California, and trafficked throughout the country. The remaining third is made in small meth labs found in basements, kitchens, garages, bedrooms, barns, vacant buildings, campgrounds, hotels and trunks of cars. • How is it Made? Meth can be made from household ingredients, including over-the-counter cold medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, red phosphorous, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous ammonia, drain cleaner, battery acid, lye, lantern fuel and antifreeze. The fumes, vapors, and spillage associated with cooking meth are toxic, combustible and hazardous to children, adults and the environment.
What are the Short-Term Effects of Taking Meth? • Immediately after smoking or injection, the user experiences an intense sensation, called a "rush" or "flash," that lasts only a few minutes and is described as extremely pleasurable. (Snorting or swallowing meth produces euphoria — a high, but not a rush.) Following the "rush," there is typically a state of high agitation that in some individuals can lead to violent behavior. Other possible immediate effects include increased wakefulness and insomnia, decreased appetite, irritability and aggression, anxiety, nervousness and convulsions.
What are the Long-Term Effects of Taking Meth? • Meth is addictive, and users can develop a tolerance quickly, needing larger amounts to get high. • In some cases, users forego food and sleep and take more meth every few hours for days, “bingeing” until they run out of the drug or become too dysfunctional to continue using. • Chronic use can cause paranoia, hallucinations, repetitive behavior (such as compulsively cleaning and grooming or disassembling and assembling objects), and delusions of parasites or insects crawling under the skin. • Users can obsessively scratch their skin to get rid of these imagined insects. Long-term use, high dosages, or both can induce full-blown toxic psychosis. This behavior is usually coupled with extreme paranoia. Meth can also cause strokes, heart attack and death.
Negative Effects • Meth becomes focus of life – users neglect families, home, work, personal hygiene and safety. • Prolonged use leads to bingeing, consuming the drug continuously for up to 3 to 5 days without sleep (some sleepless binges last up to 15 days) and ends with intolerable crashes. • User driven into severe depression, followed by worsening paranoia, belligerence, aggression – a period known as “tweaking”. • Users eventually collapse from exhaustion and sleep for long periods of time often forcing neglected children to try to fend for themselves. This is Your Brain on Meth • Dopamine is a feel-good chemical produced by the brain. • Upon first use, meth kicks dopamine production into high gear — this is what produces the initial euphoric rush. • Meth changes brain chemistry, and after extended use, the brain can no longer respond to dopamine. • The result is that users can no longer feel good, and increase consumption of the drug in an attempt to recapture the first high. • This cycle often leads to addiction.
Symptoms cont. • Repetitious behavior, such as picking at skin, pulling out hair, compulsively cleaning, grooming or disassembling and assembling objects such as cars and other mechanical devices • http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/MethResources/faces/index.html
