Colorado Clean Diesel Program

1. Colorado Clean Diesel Program Lisa Silva, October 2008 Air Pollution Control Division Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

2. Diesel Exhaust Emissions - Toxicity Diesel exhaust is an EPA-listed mobile source air toxic and probable human carcinogen Contains thousands of compounds, including 47 listed air toxics, many of which are individually carcinogenic

3. Diesel Exhaust and Children�s Health Developing lungs more susceptible to exposure to air pollutants: Smaller surface area, higher inhalation rate = markedly increased exposure. Child respiratory rates are more rapid than adults�: Early childhood: 20-40 breaths/min. Late childhood: 15-25 breaths/min. Adults: 12-18 breaths/min. Exposure is thus greater per child than adult

4. Gauderman Study (Lancet 2006, Vol 368) Children (total n = 3677, ages 10-18) living in proximity to major road or freeway (500 meters) in 12 southern California communities (socio-economically diverse) showed substantial, likely permanent, lung function deficits compared to children living > 1500 meters from major road or freeway. Both gasoline and diesel exhaust are comprised of many pollutants, including fine particulates (PM 2.5) and numerous carcinogenic compounds.

5. Diesel Exhaust on the Bus Diesel exhaust can aggravate or induce asthma and other pulmonary and cardiovascular disease UCLA study (2004) found elevated levels of black carbon, particle-bound PAH and NO2 inside school buses Crankcase emissions are an �extremely strong source� of of PM 2.5 in buses (CATF Three-City Study �03 -�04)

6. Children�s Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Exposures probably greatest inside school buses, but also at bus stops, other bus idling areas and in traffic (behind buses) Many children exposed for extended periods twice a day 20 days per month 9 months/year 10 to 12 years 2 x 20 x 9 x 10 = 3600 exposures 2 x 20 x 9 x 12 = 4320 exposures

7. Retrofit Goals Reduce air toxics exposures to children, drivers, parents, teachers and general public from idling buses at neighborhood pickups, on school grounds, in traffic Reduce fuel usage via engine preheat technology (idling not necessary; saves fuel, thus reducing toxic emissions)

8. Pilot Project in Pueblo, Colorado Partners: Pueblo community, the (Denver) Regional Air Quality Council, EPA Region 8, Xcel Energy, Better Pueblo, CU-Boulder 120 buses at 2 school districts, plus 10 Pueblo municipal buses used by school kids University of Colorado tested buses on their routes before and after retrofits.

9. Cost-Effective Technologies Engine pre-heaters save ~ 1 gallon per bus per day of operation (cost $1,000 to $2,500 each) Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) � remove 20% of PM and 50% of HC ($1,000 - $2,000 each) Crankcase filtration (CCF) -- may reduce PM 2.5 emissions from under hood by upwards of 95% ($400 - $700 each, plus replace filter at oil change $50) Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) enables the new catalysts

10. Model year buses - Pueblo Priority to retrofit MY 1988 � 2000 large route buses; retrofitted a few newer buses In Pueblo many were MY 1994 to 1999

11. Air Sampling in Buses Pre- and post-retrofit: #3 buses run full routes 3 times each, before and after retrofits; open/close doors each stop, etc. Each bus paired with a route/same pre- and post-retrofit Fitted with: Small engine pre-heaters Donaldson Series 6100 DOC Racor 4500 crankcase filters

12. Air Sampling in Buses PM 2.5 mass - PM 2.5 filter (Teflon) samplers, EPA Gravimetric method P-PAH, EC, OC, Hopanes � PM2.5 filter (quartz fiber) Carbonyls � DNPH-impregnated cartridges, EPA Method 11A Used NIOSH 5040 method for EC and OC analysis; solvent extraction followed by GCMS detection (Riddle et.al., 2007) for P-PAH and Hopanes Particle number � Continuous � 2 Condensation Particle Counters Model 3007

13. Average in-cabin pollutant reductions Particle numbers reduced by 30%-41% PM 2.5 mass reduced by 56% Elemental carbon reduced by 85% Organic carbon reduced by 41% Formaldehyde reduced by 32% (A few carbonyls did not decrease; Acetone increased � likely a function of catalytic chemistry; however, more toxins and the more potent toxins were reduced)

19. Numerous Program Benefits Direct benefit to children�s health Direct benefit to community ambient air quality Assists school districts that would not normally pursue this type of project Reduced idling and petroleum usage (saving engine wear & tear and cash)

20. Pueblo Pilot Program Initial funding from Rocky Mountain Steel settlement funds (200K) Subsequent $250K from agreement with Xcel Energy

21. Statewide Needs Estimated 5,000 school buses at 150 school districts may be eligible for retrofits CDPHE to receive $600,000 for this fiscal year; will apply for DERA funds through 2012 Additional SEP funding ~ $400,000, designated for Garfield and Rio Blanco counties Exploring possibilities for sustained funding at the state level.

22. Statewide Expansion Logistics Air Division�s Planning & Policy and Mobile Sources programs partnering with EPA, CDE, school districts Funds to be allocated according to criteria of Air toxics/diesel emissions in area Environmental Justice needs Interest (~ 15 districts have contacted us or EPA) Special SEP designation of funds Education, outreach to school districts and fleets

23. Colorado needs We�ve taken care of Pueblo SD�s (~120 buses) Contacts with Garfield and Rio Blanco Co. (~150 buses) (SEP $) Weld Co SD�s (~250 buses) (DERA $) Huerfano/La Veta (~37 buses) Granada (McClave SD) (~20 buses) Limon SD (~15 buses) Southern Colorado Colo. Spgs. SD 11 has ~ 142 buses, but there are also, Fountain (63), Cheyenne Mountain (18), Manitou (16), Academy (114)..�

24. More buses than funding this year But we will get to you! $400K SEP funds for Garfield and Rio Blanco $600K funds about 140 school buses if retrofitted to the max (using all 3 technologies) AND�we are investigating funding sources in addition to SEPand DERA, which we anticipate receiving next year and in future.

25. Contact info. Lisa Silva Lisa.silva@state.co.us (303) 692-3119 Garry Kaufman Garry.kaufman@state.co.us (303) 692-3269