Northern Colorado clean cities

1. Northern Colorado clean cities Maria DiBiase Eisemann Co-coordinator marianccc@Comcast.net Natural Gas Vehicles Overview October 21, 2014

2. INTRODUCTION:Clean Cities Mission…To contribute to the energy, environmental, and economic security of the Unites States by supporting local decisions to reduce our dependence on imported petroleum. • Supported by the US Department of Energy • A community-based, voluntary program that fosters partnerships among stakeholders in the public and private sectors to reduce petroleum use. • Alternative fuel neutral • Goal: Reduce U.S. petroleum use by 2.5 billion gallons per year

3. Nearly 100 coalitions in 45 states 775,000 AFVs using alternative fuels 6,600 fueling stations Clean Cities Coalitions

4. Basics Natural Gas-clean burning, domestically produced and inexpensive • Hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH4) and others such as propane • High octane rating, excellent for spark ignited ICE • Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic • Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater • Lower ozone-forming emissions than gasoline • Extracted from gas and oil wells • Increasing amount form biogas resources • Existing vast pipeline distribution system in US • Used for decades to fuel vehicles • Accounts for approx. ¼ of energy used in US (residential, commercial, industrial, elec generation) 1/10 for transpo fuel

5. Basics: CNG and LNG Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) • Stored in onboard tanks under high pressure • Fuel economy similar to gasoline • 1 GGE = 5.7 lb CNG Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) • Kept at cold temperatures (-260 F) • Stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated pressure vessels • Heavy-duty vehicles • 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG

6. Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles • Ford Transit Connect CNG taxi with tanks stored in rear of • vehicle

7. Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) • Run only on natural gas • Better performance • Lower emissions • Increased cargo capacity Bi-fuel NGVs • Two fueling systems • Natural gas • Gasoline • Fueling flexibility Dual-fuel NGVs • Run on diesel and natural gas • Heavy-duty vehicles only

8. Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles Operates much like a gasoline spark-ignited engine A:Gas fill valve B: High Pressure Cylinders C:Master manual shut-off valve D:High-pressure fuel line E:Regulator, reduces pressure for fuel injectors F:Natural gas solenoid valve, allows gas into fuel injectors G:Fuel-injection system-natural gas mixed with air burned to produce power Some HD vehicles use spark-ignited CNG systems Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc.

9. Benefits and Considerations Public Health and Environment • Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions • Lower particulate pollution and carcinogens • CNG Honda Civic cleanest ICE on earth (USEPA) Energy Security • Plentiful in U.S. • Existing infrastructure Driving Range • Shorter than gasoline, function of tank size • Comparable power and speed Deployment • Proven and established • 112,000 natural gas vehicles in U.S. in 2011

10. Use: Fleet Applications Generally better for high-mileage, centrally-fueled fleets that operate within a limited area Light-Duty NGVs • Suitable for light-duty needs in private and government fleets • Honda Civic GX Medium-Duty NGVs • Vans and shuttles • Airports and taxi fleets Heavy-Duty NGVs • Refuse haulers • Transit buses • School buses • Street sweepers • Snowplows • Short-haul delivery trucks Natural Gas Vehicles for America www.ngvamerica.org

11. CNG Trends Trends in alternative fuel consumption in alternative fuel vehicles, by fuel type, from 1995 to 2011. (CNG) consumption has increased steadily since 1995, owing largely to state and federal government incentives, increased natural gas supply, and falling natural gas prices. Use of propane, on the other hand, which was once the most common alternative vehicle fuel, has trended downward as CNG has become more popular. E85 use has been growing as the availability of flex fuel vehicles from major manufacturers has increased, and as an increasing number of fueling stations offer E85.

12. FUEL PRICE VOLATILITY PPPump Prices of certain alt. fuels are less subject to changes in market prices for energy COST PER GAL $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 Diesel Retail price $4.43/GGE (early 2008) Gasoline Retail price $3.77/GGE (early 2008) 10% Taxes Distribution and Marketing 5% CNG Retail price $2.10/GGE (early 2008) 10% Taxes 21% Refining Distribution and Marketing 5% 10% Refining 64% 75% Electricity Retail price $1.14/eGallon 18% Taxes 6% Electricity Pipeline 9% Operations Maintenance Amortization 42% Crude OIl Crude OIl Taxes 15% 30% Transmission and Delivery Natural Gas Capital Costs 30% 26% Fuel Costs 25% Source: US DoE EERE, EIA, and NGVA

13. Fuel Prices

14. Use: Fueling Stations Offsite, Public Access • Utilize an existing public station • Operated by retailer, utility, or fleet • Anchor fleet or pool of multiple fleets Onsite, Private Access • Exclusive use by fleets • Time-fill stations always private access Onsite, Public Access • Often located outside of restricted areas • Benefit from economy of scale • Promotes public use of NGVs • Must have fast-fill capabilities for public

15. Use: Station Ownership and Operation Fleet-Owned and -Operated • Fleet works with vendors on station development • Fleet owns and operates station Outsourced to Independent Provider • Outside development, ownership, and operation • Fleet provides demand threshold • Long-term price agreement • Public access possible Fleet-Owned, Contractor-Operated • Reduces fleet risk • Fleet relies on experienced operator • Usually a 5-7 year contract

16. Use: CNG Fueling Time-Fill Fueling • Good for centrally-based fleets with consistent schedules • CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight • Lower cost investment Fast-Fill Fueling • Fueling takes place in minutes • Necessary for public-access stations • Good for vehicles with little downtime Combo-Fill Fueling • Time-fill and fast-fill • More flexibility in fueling

17. Use: LNG Fueling Mobile Fueling • Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment • Provides temporary fueling option Starter/Containerized System • Complete fueling station, including storage tank, dispensing, metering, and required containment • Turn-key solution Custom Station • Larger storage tanks • Multiple dispensers • LNG and/or CNG dispensing

18. Use: Getting Started Questions to Ask • How many vehicles will be fueled each day? • How much fuel will each vehicle need? • When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled? • What are the site development requirements?

19. Use: Getting Started Prepare Fleet Inventory and Replacement Schedule • Identify vehicle replacement potential • Determine station sizing plan Explore Your Options • Contact vehicle vendors • Contact equipment vendors • Meet with station developers Visit Existing Sites • Fast-fill and time-fill • Private and public Ask Questions • Clean Cities coordinators • Station developers • Vendors

20. Codes and Standards

21. For More Information Clean Cities AFDC FuelEconomy.gov

22. For More Information • Clean Cities website • www.cleancities.energy.gov • Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center website • www.afdc.energy.gov • Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalitions • www.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators.php Natural Gas Vehicles for America • www.ngvamerica.org • Some of the information in this presentation was provided by Natural Gas Vehicles for America, in the presentation, “The Compelling Case for NGVs in Public and Private Fleets,” by Stephe Yborra, Director of Communications for the Clean Vehicle Education foundation and NGVAmerica, May 26, 2010.

23. For More Information Maria Eisemann Co-coordinator Northern Colorado Clean Cities Marianccc@comcast.net 970-988-2996 www.northerncocleancities.org