The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era Hull House Nursery Settlement House Teacher

2. The Drive for Reform • Progressivism arose out of a need for new ideas and honest government which would bring about social justice. • Movement focused on helping the poor. • Muckrakers were writers who wrote sensational investigative reports detailing the ills of society. • Ida Tarbell- Female muckraker who took on Standard Oil

3. The Jungle • Book written by Upton Sinclair. • Related the despair of immigrants working in the Chicago stockyards. • Revealed the unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.

4. The Jungle Cont. • Due to the attention drawn on the meat industry by the book, President Roosevelt urged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act. • Required federal inspection of the meat industry. • The Pure Food and Drug Act placed the same controls on other foods and on medicines.

5. Progressives Reform Society • Progressive activists promoted laws to improve living conditions, public health, and schools. • Many felt Christianity should be the basis for reform. • Settlement houses were est. to give aid to the poor. • U.S. Children’s Bureau (1912) created to deal with the challenges faced by children. • Industrial work reform also created. • In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) created. • In 1913, the Anti-Defamation League created to defend Jews.

6. Roosevelt and civil rights Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African Americans •Supports individual African Americans in civil service - invites Booker T. Washington to White House •NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- goal is full equality among races •Founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers

7. Reforming Elections • Initiative— bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots • Referendum— voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law • Recall— voters remove elected official through early election • Primaries— allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates • Direct Election of Senators • Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators

8. Women’s movement Women and Reform •Women reformers target workplace, housing, education, food, drugs •National Association of Colored Women (NACW)—child care, education •Jane Addams starts Hull House to provide social and educational opportunities to working class(history classes,clubs for kids, free concerts) •Susan B. Anthonyof National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) - works for woman suffrage, or right to vote (will be earned in 1920)

9. Jane Addams

10. Presidential Progressive Reforms Roosevelt’s Rise Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelthas sickly childhood, drives self in athletics Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to become governor NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for vice-president President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president at 42 His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern presidency Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems Square Deal—Roosevelt’s progressive reforms "When I say I believe in a square deal I do not mean ... to give every man the best hand. If the cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing."

11. Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Became Pres. in 1901 at the age of 43, when McKinley is assassinated. • CreatesThe Square Deal-His plan to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor. • Wanted to break up monopolies (trusts) Video link

12. Using Federal Power to Reform Trustbusting • By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries • Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest • Breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act • Hepburn Act - ICC to set maximum rates for Railroads 1902 Coal Strike • Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to accept arbitration • Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public

13. Health Reform • Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act • dictates sanitary requirements • creates federal meat inspection program • Pure Food and Drug Act • Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public • halts sale of contaminated food, medicine • requires truth in labeling

14. Environmental Reform Conservation and Natural Resources • Private interests exploit natural environment • 1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established, manages 45 million acres • Believes conservation part preservation, part development for public • Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks on advice from naturalist that convinced Congress to create Yosemite National Park in 1890

15. Presidential Race Taft Becomes President • 1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with Roosevelt’s support • Has cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit for successes Election of 1912 • Roosevelt thinks Taft does not do enough • Roosevelt decides to run for President again • Republican Party must support Taft • Roosevelt runs for the Progressive Party or “Bull Moose Party” • Taft & Roosevelt split the vote and Democrat Woodrow Wilson Wins

16. Woodrow Wilson A New Tax System • Wilson pushes for Congress to substantially reduce tariffs • Sets precedent of giving State of the Union message in person • Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax • Federal Reserve System—private banking system under federal control • Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in each district (Atlanta has one)

17. Wilson’s New Freedom • Wilson gets a majority in Congress • Calls all monopolies evil Two Key Antitrust Measures • Clayton Antitrust Actstops companies buying stock to form monopoly. • Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—new “watchdog” agency • investigates regulatory violations • ends unfair business practices • watches for false advertising and dishonest labeling • Monitors stock market and Internet business today