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Atoms & Molecules

Atoms & Molecules. What is an Atom?. Atom : Smallest unit of all matter 3 Main Parts: 1) Proton (+) 2) Neutron (0) 3) Electron (-) Protons & Electrons usually equal in number Elements (substance made of only 1 type of atom) are identified on the Periodic Table.

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Atoms & Molecules

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  1. Atoms & Molecules

  2. What is an Atom? • Atom: Smallest unit of all matter • 3 Main Parts: • 1) Proton (+) • 2) Neutron (0) • 3) Electron (-) • Protons & Electrons usually equal in number • Elements (substance made of only 1 type of atom) are identified on the Periodic Table

  3. Atomic Number: Number of protons the atom contains Usually # of electrons also Atomic Mass: Combined # of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus Electrons too small to affect mass Reading the Periodic Table

  4. Atomic Number: Number of protons the atom contains Usually # of electrons also Atomic Mass: Combined # of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus Electrons too small to affect mass How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Carbon contain? Protons = ______ Electrons = ______ Neutrons = ______ Reading the Periodic Table 6

  5. Atomic Number: Number of protons the atom contains Usually # of electrons also Atomic Mass: Combined # of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus Electrons too small to affect mass How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Carbon contain? Protons = ______ Electrons = ______ Neutrons = ______ Reading the Periodic Table 6 6

  6. Atomic Number: Number of protons the atom contains Usually # of electrons also Atomic Mass: Combined # of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus Electrons too small to affect mass How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Carbon contain? Protons = ______ Electrons = ______ Neutrons = ______ Reading the Periodic Table Protons + Neutrons = 12 6 + Neutrons = 12 6 6 6

  7. What’s the: Atomic number = amount of protons Atomic number = amount of protons Atomic number = protons usually same as electrons Atomic mass = amount of protons + neutrons Atomic mass = amount of protons + neutrons 4 • Atomic number of Beryllium? B) Atomic mass of Beryllium? C) How many protons? D) How many electrons? E) How many neutrons? 9 4 4 5

  8. Electron Cloud • Electrons orbit the nucleus in “energy levels” 1st level: • closest to nucleus • stable w/ 2 electrons

  9. Electron Cloud 7 1 6 8 • Electrons orbit the nucleus in “energy levels” 1st level: • closest to nucleus • stable w/ 2 electrons 2nd level: • stable w/ 8 electrons 5 1 4 2 2 3

  10. Electron Cloud • Electrons orbit the nucleus in “energy levels” 1st level: • closest to nucleus • stable w/ 2 electrons 2nd level: • stable w/ 8 electrons Examine Carbon. It has 2 electrons in the first level and 4 electrons in the 2nd level. Is Carbon stable?

  11. Electron Cloud 7 7 6 8 • Electrons orbit the nucleus in “energy levels” 1st level: • closest to nucleus • stable w/ 2 electrons 2nd level: • stable w/ 8 electrons 3rd level: • stable w/ 8 electrons • Atoms are stable when the outermost level is “full” 1 8 6 1 5 1 5 2 4 2 4 2 3 3

  12. Molecules 8 protons 8 electrons • Molecule: 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond • Form when atoms are unstable • Covalent Bond: Chemical bond where atoms share electrons • Ex: Oxygen (O2) • Why unstable? Only 6 electrons in outer energy level 6 1 1 5 2 4 2 3

  13. Molecules • Molecule: 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond • Form when atoms are unstable • Covalent Bond: Chemical bond where atoms share electrons • Ex: Oxygen (O2) • Why unstable? Only 6 electrons in outer energy level • What happens? Oxygen atom will share two electrons with neighboring oxygen atom • End result? Both end with 8 electrons in outer level (stable)

  14. Ionic Bonds • Defined: chemical bond where electrons are gained/lost • Creates Ions (atoms with + or – charge) • Held together by magnetic attraction • Cause: 1 atom steals an electron(s) from another atom • Ex: Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride sodium chlorine

  15. Ionic Bonds e e e e e e Stable Unstable Unstable Stable e e e e e e e sodium e e e e e e chlorine e e e e e e e e e Before bonding After bonding 11+ 17+ 10- 11- 17- 18- +1 -1 0 0

  16. Ionic Bonds e e e e e e Stable Unstable Unstable Stable e e e e e e e sodium e e e e e e chlorine e e e e e e e e e After bonding Before bonding 11+ 11+ 17+ 17+ 10- 18- 11- 17- +1 -1 0 0

  17. Review • Name the 3 subatomic particles. • Which subatomic particles are found inside the nucleus? • The atomic number usually allows us to determine the amount of which two subatomic particles? • If an atom has the atomic mass of 14 and the atomic number of 6, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the atom contain? • After an ionic bond is formed, what is the charge of the atom that gained an electron? • Which type of chemical bond shares electrons?

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