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Canine Parvovirus

Canine Parvovirus. Michigan State University Van Dang Karissa Slusher. History. Emerged in 1977-1978 Feline Panleukopenia Extremely hardy, survives outside its host for up to 6 months Species specific. What is it?. Canine parvovirus Smallest virus Naked, icosahedral capsid

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Canine Parvovirus

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  1. Canine Parvovirus Michigan State University Van Dang Karissa Slusher

  2. History • Emerged in 1977-1978 • Feline Panleukopenia • Extremely hardy, survives outside its host for up to 6 months • Species specific

  3. What is it? • Canine parvovirus • Smallest virus • Naked, icosahedral capsid • ssDNA (5 kb) Replicates only when host is replicating! • 2 Syndromes: • Acute myocarditis • Hemorrhagic enteritis

  4. Incidence • Any age can become infected • Mild and Asymptomatic • Severe clinical disease • Puppies 2 to 6 months of age • Rottweilers and Doberman Pinchers

  5. Life cycle of Parvovirus

  6. Clinical syndrome • Host vitality • Immune experience, vaccination status • Environment • Humidity, temperature, etc • Virulence of the virus • Including viral load

  7. Protection • Colostrum • Maternal antibodies protective until 2 month of age • Regular Vaccination • Keep indoors • Until the vaccination series are complete

  8. Pathogenesis Tonsils Replicates in Lymphocytes in the next 3-4 days Cell lysis  Viremia Bone Marrow Stem cells GIT

  9. Hemorrhagic enteritis • Villi become blunted and unable to absorb nutrients. • Barrier to GIT flora is broken down.

  10. Mechanisms of Death • Diarrhea and vomiting extreme dehydration  SHOCK • Loss of intestinal barrier  bacterial invasion  SEPTIC SHOCK

  11. Symptoms • Fever, lethargy, anorexia • Severely dehydrated • Vomiting • Diarrhea: watery, bloody, with a tell-tale odor

  12. Differential Diagnoses • Canine Distemper • Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Canine Coronavirus • Salmonellosis • Campylobacteriosis • Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE) • Toxicosis

  13. Diagnosis • History and PE • Symptoms • ELISA (CITE) • False positives with recent vaccination Hx • Antibody titer • CBC • Biopsy • Necropsy • Lower and middle small intestines • Bone marrow

  14. Biopsy of the Small Intestine collapsed crypts depleted Peyer’s patches

  15. Inclusion bodies in Crypt cells Kelly, 1978

  16. Additional tests • Serum chemistry • UA • Fecal flotation

  17. Symptomatic Treatment • Fluids • Antimetics • Antibiotics • Antihelmintics • Colloids, plasma, RBC

  18. Prognosis • Most recover with intensive therapy • Dobermans and Rottweilers • Sensitive to the virus • Poor prognosis • Intussusception • Hypoproteinemia • No improvement after 4th day of intesive care

  19. Home care • Antibiotics (PO) • Diet management • Bland, highly digestible food • Frequent, small feedings • Restricted activity • Avoid introducing new puppies • Disinfect with bleach

  20. CPV Vaccine History • Original vaccines incorporated feline panleukopenia virus or mink enteritis viruses • Similar to the original CPV • Killed and MLV were developed, but variable efficacy • Low titer • Interference of Maternal antibodies

  21. Vaccine History • Mid 1990’s • New generation, high titer, low-passage CPV vaccines • Pfizer (Vanguard Puppy) • Fort Dodge (Duramune / Puppy Shot) • Intervet (Progard) • Merial (Recombitek C4 and C6) • Schering-Plough (Galaxy)

  22. CPV High Titer Vaccine • Contains more virus than standard vaccine • Better at inducing immunity in puppies at a younger age

  23. Passaging • Passaging is the process of growing and modifying a virulent virus to one that is safe for the use in a vaccine • Each generation passage is less like the original

  24. Vaccine Failure: Interference by Maternal Antibodies * window of susceptibility * minimum level needed for protection * passive antibody HAI - 80 * HAI - 10 to 20 * Successful Vaccination * 2 4 6 8 10 12 weeks after birth

  25. Maternal Antibodies • Critical period and vaccine response varies with the individual • Dams antibody level • First born, aggressive pups • More colostrum  Higher MA

  26. Vaccine Failure • Ineffective Vaccine • Inappropriate storage • Inappropriate administration • Low titer vaccine • Immunogenicity and Serological response • Virulence of parent viral strain • Method and level of virus attenuation • Amount of attenuated virus in each dose • No vaccine produces 100% immunity

  27. Vaccine Failure • Health Status • Fever • Immunocompromised animals • Client Compliance • Recommended vaccination schedule • Breed • A disproportionate number of Rottweilers that have been properly vaccinated will develop parvo

  28. CPV Vaccination Recommendations • Use modified live vaccines for puppies • Start vaccinations at 6-8 weeks of age • Vaccinate every 3-4 weeks until 15-16 weeks of age • Giving a vaccine more frequently than every 2 weeks will cause interference • This includes vaccines for different infections

  29. CPV Vaccination Recommendations • Annual Booster • Debatable • Killed vaccines • Least effective at penetrating maternal antibody • Also associated with more vaccine reactions

  30. Other Parvoviruses… • Feline Panleukopenia Virus • Porcine Parovirus • Aleutian Mink Diseases

  31. References • http://www.marvistavet.com/html/the_parvo_virus_in_the_environ.html • http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol8no4/01-0228.htm • http://www.agen.com.au/products/parvo.htm • http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/truyen/chapter_frm.asp • http://home.europa.com/~dshecklr/Vaccinations1.html • http://www.mesavet.com/library/vaccination_failures.htm#ineffective • http://www.awebresource.com/gvh/newsletters/vaccines.htm • http://www.spinone.com/newsletters/V04N1/p09b.htm

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