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Induction of Labor التحريض على الولادة

Induction of Labor التحريض على الولادة. Amr Nadim, MD Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology Ain Shams Maternity & Women’s Hospital. By the end of this session, you should be able to:. Define induction of labor and make the difference between induction and augmentation of labor.

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Induction of Labor التحريض على الولادة

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  1. Induction of Laborالتحريض على الولادة Amr Nadim, MD Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology Ain Shams Maternity & Women’s Hospital

  2. By the end of this session, you should be able to: • Define induction of labor and make the difference between induction and augmentation of labor. • Understand the prerequisites for induction of labor • Enumerate the indications and contraindications of induction of labor. • Recognize favorability for induction of labor with special emphasis on Bishop’s score. • Discuss the different methods of induction of labor. • List the complications of induction of labor and drugs used in it.

  3. By definition… • Is the planned initiation of labor prior to the onset of spontaneous labor. • It is an obstetric intervention that should be used when elective birth is beneficial to mother and baby.

  4. Augmentation of Labor… • This is the intervention by which labor is accelerated • Labor started spontaneously • The progress is unsatisfactory due to a defect in the uterine contractions • Oxytocin is given to correct for such defect

  5. Induction of Labor • Incidence of about 20% • In the UK , among women subjected to induction of labor: • 63% delivered by a spontaneous VD • 15% delivered by an operative vaginal delivery • 22% delivered by emergency CS

  6. Induction of labor can place more strain on • Labor ward personnel and the obstetrician • The lady and her family than spontaneous labor • It has a large impact on the health of women and their babies and so needs to be clearly clinically justified.

  7. Prerequisites • Discussion of the issue with the mother • Evaluation of the mother and the fetus

  8. Discussion of the issue… • Discussion of the whole issue with the mother • The reasons for induction being offered • When, where and how induction could be carried out • The arrangements for support and pain relief (recognizing that women are likely to find induced labor more painful than spontaneous labor) • The alternative options if the woman chooses not to have induction of labor • The risks and benefits of induction of labor in specific circumstances and the proposed induction methods • That induction may not be successful and what the woman’s options would be.

  9. Discussion of the issue… • Healthcare professionals offering induction of labor should: • allow the woman time to discuss the information with her partner before coming to a decision • encourage the woman to look at a variety of sources of information • invite the woman to ask questions, and encourage her to think about her options • support the woman in whatever decision she makes.

  10. Assessment of the Lady • Verification of the Gestational Age • What is meant by reliable Dates?

  11. Assessment for the Predictability of the Success of Induction: The Bishop’s Score • A score of 5 or less suggests that labor is unlikely to start without induction. • A score of 9 or more indicates that labor will most likely commence spontaneously. • A low Bishop's score often indicates that induction is unlikely to be successful • A score of 8 or greater is reliably predictive of a successful induction.

  12. Modified Bishop’s Score • According to the Modified Bishop's pre-induction cervical scoring system, effacement has been replaced by cervical length in cm, with scores as follows 0: 3cm – 1: 2cm – 2: 1cm – 3: 0cm. • Another modification for the Bishop's score is the modifiers. • Points are added or subtracted according to special circumstances as follows: • One point is added for • 1. Existence of pre-eclampsia • 2. Every previous vaginal delivery • One point is subtracted for • 1. Postdate pregnancy • 2. Nulliparity • 3. PPROM

  13. Indications Whenever the presence of the fetus in utero is jeopardizing the mother or the fetus: Maternal Fetal Prior IUFD at a later gestational age Suspected IUGR Severe IUGR is a contraindication ?? Suspected Macrosomia IUFD • Prolongation of pregnancy • P.I.H • Medical conditions (as renal, respiratory and cardiac diseases, Diabetes Mellitus) • Placental insufficiency • Prolonged pre-labor rupture of membranes. • Rhesus iso-immunization. • ?? Previous precipitate Labor • ??Maternal request.

  14. Prevention of prolonged pregnancy • Women with uncomplicated pregnancies should be given every opportunity to go into spontaneous labor. • Women with uncomplicated pregnancies should usually be offered induction of labor between 41+0 and 42+0 weeks to avoid the risks of prolonged pregnancy. The exact timing should take into account the woman’s preferences and local circumstances. • If a woman chooses not to have induction of labor, her decision should be respected. • From 42 weeks, • women who decline induction of labor should be offered increased antenatal monitoring consisting of at least twice-weekly cardiotocography and ultrasound estimation of maximum amniotic pool depth.

  15. Rupture Of Membranes Preterm Prelabor ROM Term Prelabor ROM Should be offered a choice of induction of labor Induction of labor is appropriate approximately 24 hours after prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. • Induction of labor should not be carried out before 34 weeks unless there are additional obstetric indications (for example, infection or fetal compromise). • After 34 weeks, following factors should be taken into consideration: • risks to the woman (for example, sepsis, possible need for caesarean section) • risks to the baby (for example, sepsis, problems relating to preterm birth) • Availability of NICU

  16. Previous Cesarean Section • If delivery is indicated, women who have had a previous caesarean section may be offered • induction of labor, • cesarean section or • expectant management on an individual basis, taking into account the woman’s circumstances and wishes. • Women should be informed of the following risks with induction of labor: • increased risk of need for emergency caesarean section during induced labor • increased risk of uterine rupture.

  17. Methods of Induction of Labor

  18. I-Natural-Non Medical methods 1-Relaxation techniques: advise patient to relieve tension and try to relax then use some visual aids to show how labor starts. 2-Visualization: The patient is advised to imagine her uterus contracting and she is laboring. Hypnosis/self-hypnosis helps. 3-Walking: The force of gravity pulls the weight of the baby towards the birth canal leading to dilatation and effacement of the cervix.

  19. I-Natural-Non Medical methods (Cont.) 4-Sex: Having sex is known to induce labor. This is related to prostaglandin content of the seminal fluid and the occurrence of orgasm which stimulate uterine contractions 5-Nipple stimulation: The lady moves her palm and applies some pressure in a circular fashion over her areola and massaging nipple between thumb and forefingers for a period of 2 minutes alternating with 3 minutes of rest. The procedure is performed for 20 minutes. If adequate contraction pattern is not achieved, massaging was done for 3 minutes alternating with 2 minutes rest for additional 20 minutes. Care should be taken to avoid massaging during a contraction and to only massage one side at a time in order to avoid hyperstimulation.

  20. I-Natural-Non Medical methods (Cont.) 6-Bath/Castor oil/Enemas:The patient is advised to take a warm bath then to have 3 teaspoons of castoroil mixed with some juice and an enema thereafter.This method could stimulate the uterus to contract, which will cause the cervix to dilate and efface. 7-Foods: Eating lots of pineapple is known to stimulate labor and ripen the cervix. This is possibly related to its enzyme content. Other foods with similar action includePizza, spicy food like Mexican, and tropical fruits

  21. I-Natural-Non Medical methods (Cont.) 8-Cumin Tea: Used by midwives in Latino cultures. Sugar or honey may be added to lessen its bitter taste 9-Several herbs: Labor-enhancing herbs include blue Cohosh, black Cohosh, Squawvine and Dong Quai. Evening primrose oil also ripens the cervix. It is given internally 5 gel caps up against the cervix daily. 10-Acupressure: Few health personnel claim an association between some acupressure points in the body and increased uterine contractions. One point is located deep in the webbing between thumb and forefinger. Massaging this point in a circular motion for 1-5 minutes stimulates labor pain and induce labor.

  22. II- Mechanical methodsHygroscopic Dilators – Balloon Dilatation 1-Hygroscopic dilators They absorb endocervical and local tissue fluids, causing the device to expand within the endocervix and provide mechanical pressure. These dilators are either natural osmotic dilators (e.g., Laminariajaponicum) or synthetic osmotic dilators (e.g., Lamicel). Advantages: 1- Outpatient placement 2- No need for fetal monitoring Risks: fetal and/or maternal infection

  23. II- Mechanical methods (Cont.) Technique of insertion: -The perineum and vagina are sterilized with betadine & the patient is drapped. -Using a sterile speculum, the dilator is introduced into the endocervix. -Dilators are progressively placed until the endocervix is full. -A sterile gauze pad is placed in the vagina to maintain the position of the dilators.

  24. II- Mechanical methods (Cont.) 2- Placement of Balloon Dilators after 42 weeks gestation: A fluid filled balloon is inserted inside the cervix.  The Balloon provide mechanical pressure directly on the cervix which respond by ripening and dilation. A Foley catheter (26 Fr) or specifically designed balloon devices can be used. Technique of balloon placement: 1- After sterilization and draping, the catheter is introduced into the endocervix either by direct visualization or blindly by sliding it over fingers through the endocervix into the potential space between the amniotic membrane & the lower uterine segment.

  25. II- Mechanical methods (Cont.) 2- The balloon is inflated with 30 to 50 mL of normal saline and is retracted so that it rests on the internal os. 3- Constant pressure may be applied over the catheter. e.g. a bag filled with 1 L of fluid may be attached to the catheter end. An intermittent pressure may also be exerted on the catheter end 2 -4 times per hour. 4-Catheter is removed at the time of rupture of membranes or may be expelled spontaneously which indicate a cervical dilatation of 3-4 Centimeter.

  26. III- Surgical MethodsStripping of the membranes - Amniotomy 1-Stripping the membranes: Stripping the membranes mechanically dilates the cervix which releases prostaglandins. The membranes are stripped by inserting the examining finger through the internal os & moving it in a circular direction to detach the inferior pole of the membranes from the lower uterine segment. Risks include patient’s discomfort, infection, bleeding from undiagnosed placenta previa or low lying placenta,and accidental ROM. The Cochrane reviewers concluded that stripping the membranes, when used as an adjunct, decreases the mean dose of oxytocin needed and increases the rate of normal vaginal deliveries. ( Evidence level A)

  27. 2-Amniotomy - Technique: -The FHR is recorded before the procedure. -A pelvic examination is performed to evaluate the cervix & station of the presenting part. The presenting part should be well fitted to the cervix. -The membranes are identified and an amnihook ( or a Kocher) is inserted through the cervical os by sliding it along the hand & fingers & membranes are ruptured. -The nature of the amniotic fluid is recorded (clear, bloody, thick or thin, meconium). -The FHR is recorded after the procedure. III- Surgical Methods

  28. Risks of amniotomy: 1- Prolapse of the umbilical cord (0.5%) 2- Chorioamnionitis: Risk increases with prolonged induction delivery interval 3- Postpartum hemorrhage: Risk is doubled compared with women with spontaneous onset of labor 4- Rupture of vasaprevia III- Surgical Methods

  29. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor 1-Prostaglandin E2:(dinoprostone): It is inserted vaginally as a gel (Prepidil), as a removable tampon (Cervidil) or as a vaginal pessary. It acts on the cervical connective tissue and relaxes muscle fibres of the cervix. Dinoprostone should only be administered at hospital and the patient is expected to stay recumbent and monitored, at least, for the first 30 minutes after insertion. Contractions usually start within 60 minutes of commencing induction and peak within 4 hours. If optimal response is not achieved by 6 hours, another dose can be administered. The maximum allowed dose is 3 doses be administered per 24 hours.

  30. Cervidil contains 10 mg of dinoprostone and provides a lower constant release of medication (0.3 mg per hour) than Prepidil does. Cervidil have the advantage of being removed more easily if uterine hyperstimulation occurs. In addition, it does not require refrigeration. PGE2 can cause uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress and Cesarean section. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  31. PG E2

  32. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor 2- Misoprostol: -Misoprostol (Cytotec®) is a synthetic PGE1 analog that has been found to be a safe and inexpensive agent for cervical ripening. Pharmacokinetics: Route of administration: Oral, vaginal and sublingual route for induction. Rectal route is used to prevent and treat postpartum hemorrhage. Bioavailability: Extensively absorbed from the GIT Metabolism: De-esterified to prostaglandin F analogs Half life: 20–40 minutes Excretion: Mainly renal 80%, remainder is fecal: 15% IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  33. - Clinical trials indicate that the safe optimal dose and dosing interval is 25 mcg intravaginally (Vagiprost® ) every 4-6 hours. A maximum of 6 doses was suggested. Higher doses or shorter dosing intervals are associated with a higher incidence of side effects, especially hyperstimulation syndrome. -Misoprostol should not be used in women with previous CS because of increased rates of uterine rupture (Evidence level B). IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  34. - The Cochrane reviewers concluded that use of misoprostol resulted in an overall lower incidence of CS. - In addition, there appears to be a higher incidence of vaginal delivery within 24 hours of application and a reduced need for oxytocin augmentation. (Evidence level A). IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  35. 3-Mifepristone: Is an antiprogesterone agent which counteracts the inhibitory effect of Progesterone on the uterus. Few studies with small number of women enrolled, have shown that women treated with mifepristone in a dose of 600 mg are more likely to have a favorable cervix and deliver within 48 to 96 hrs when compared with placebo and also they these were less likely to undergo C.S. Information about fetal outcomes & maternal side effects are scarseand cannot be used to recommend the use of mifepristone for cervical ripening. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  36. 4- Oxytocin: It is given by IV infusion using an automated pump. Oxytocin has many advantages: it is potent and easy to titrate, has a short half-life (one to five minutes) and is well tolerated. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  37. Oxytocin Regimen:ASU Maternity Hospital regimen • Oxytocin infusion should be given in the smallest possible volume, commencing at a rate of 1 mU/min • Usually start by 5 units in 500mls of normal saline or Ringer’s solution [10 mU/ml] • Increase infusion rate (by doubling drops / min) at intervals of 30 min, until there are 3-5 good contractions every 10 min each lasting 45-60 sec. [1 ml=15-drops] • If 60 drop/min rate is reached with no efficient contractions replace the infusion with 10 units oxytocin in 500 mls • Total dose of oxytocin should not exceed 5 units.

  38. Let’s do some calculations… 5 units • 500 ml 1ml = 1/100 U = 10 / 1000U =10 m U/ml • 1 ml = 15 drops :.each 15 drops contains 10 mIU and each 30 drops contains….. ? = 5/500 U

  39. -If infusion volumes were found to be excessive, prepare double strength solution. -If no progress occurred after 8–12 hours of starting induction, either discontinue the oxytocin and reapply a cervical ripening agent or re-initiate oxytocin the next day. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  40. Side effects of oxytocin use: 1-Uterine hyperstimulation and subsequent FHR abnormalities. 2-Abruptio placentae and uterine rupture. 3-Water intoxication may occur with high concentrations of oxytocin infused with large quantities of hypotonic solutions. Therefore; prolonged administration with doses higher than 40 mu of oxytocin per minute and infusion of fluids in any 10 hours should not excced 1500 ml. A rapid intravenous injection of oxytocin may cause hypotension. 4- Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor

  41. Complications for Induction of Labor • Maternal • Emotional: fear, anxiety • Uterine inertia .. prolonged labor • Intrapartum infection • Violent labor: abruptioplacentae; uterine rupture; cervical laceration • Increased CS rate • Amniotic fluid embolism • Postpartum hemorrhage • Complications of the method used for induction

  42. Complications for Induction of Labor • Fetal • Hypoxia • Iatrogenic prematurity [wrong dates] • Prolapsed cord • Infection [frequent vaginal examination]

  43. Non-reassuring FHR patterns • The oxytocin infusion should be decreased or discontinued. • Tocolysis should be considered. [Subcutaneous terbutaline 0.25 milligrams]. • In cases of suspected or confirmed acute fetal compromise, delivery should be accomplished as soon as possible, ideally, this should be accomplished within 30 minutes.

  44. Here are things that are Nice 4 U to know….

  45. IUGR • There are insufficient data to comment on the risks of induction of labor of women with babies with known growth restriction. • In one study perinatal mortality was nearly five times that of normal weight infants. • Infants with IUGR enter labor in an increased state of vulnerability and are more likely to become acidotic because of: • uteroplacental insufficiency • lower metabolic reserves due to intrauterine malnutrition or pre-existing hypoxia • an umbilical cord more prone to compression due to a reduction in amniotic fluid volume.

  46. Previous CS or scarred uterus • Induction of labor with a history of a previous caesarean section is not contraindicated but careful consideration of the mother’s clinical condition should be taken before induction is started. • A uterus with a fundal Myomectomy or a vertical upper segment scar is a contraindication for VBAC and hence for IOL

  47. Induction of labor in attempted VBAC • Spontaneous labor is most successful & has lowest rate of uterine rupture • Misoprostol should never be used • Rates of rupture differed by method of induction: • Spontaneous labor - 0.52% • Induction without prostaglandins - 0.72% • Induction with prostaglandins – 2.45%

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