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Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type?

Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type?. Long distance. Short distance. Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type?. Snow boarding. Football.

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Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type?

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  1. Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type? Long distance Short distance

  2. Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type? Snow boarding Football

  3. Does your muscle type help you choose your sport? Or does your sport help shape your muscle type? Football Horse riding

  4. Does the structure of your brain change in response to environmental demands?

  5. Learning ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you will be able to … • Discuss the structure and function of the hippocampus in relation to spatial memory and navigation. • Outline the research procedure including the two MRI scanning techniques used. • Describe the results of the study. • Outline the conclusions drawn from this study.

  6. Principles of the Biological Area • Much of human behaviour has a biological base. • Psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems, e.g. hormones • Which side would it tend to take in the nature-nurture debate? • Usually NATURE

  7. Navigation-related structural changes in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. This study looks at the brains of London taxi drivers and examines the role of the hippocampusin helping them to navigate their way around the city.

  8. Lobes of the brain and functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy8EvyQoQIE (From 1 minute). As you watch, identify the lobes of the brain and their function.

  9. What is the hippocampus? Located in the mid temporal lobe Hippocampus is the Latin word for seahorse.

  10. Each hemisphere of brain has one. 2 x hippocampus = hippocampi What is the hippocampus? In the brain, the hippocampus plays a key role in • Long term memory • Spatial memory • and navigation.

  11. What is spatial memory? How long does it take you to complete the maze? How did you do this? What skills did you use?

  12. The solution

  13. Complete the maze again How long does it take you this time? Why does it take less time to complete the second time?

  14. Make your own playdoh model of the brain and hippocampus

  15. How do we know about the function of the hippocampus? Human case study (1926-2008) • Video of HM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkaXNvzE4pk

  16. How do we know about the function of the hippocampus? Animal studies • Animals that have a large territory have larger hippocampi. • Small mammals and birds who engage in lots of food storage have a larger hippocampal volume. • Racing pigeons renowned for their skill at flying home long distances from unknown locations have larger hippocampi than other breeds of pigeon.

  17. Which jobs might require more spatial memory than others? Delivery drivers pilots POST Office workers sailors lorry drivers taxi drivers

  18. Maguire (2000) – Navigation skills in Taxi Drivers The Knowledge: Black Cab drivers are required to have a detailed knowledge of the 25,000 streets within a six-mile radius of Charing Cross as well as a more general knowledge of the major routes throughout the rest of London. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7waqoO6cKQ

  19. Maguire (2000) – Navigation skills in Taxi Drivers Video of taxi drivers learning ‘The Knowledge’. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF8UcEHZjmg&eurl=http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20196/&feature=player_embedded Think about • What is ‘The Knowledge’? • How long does the process take? • How are drivers assessed?

  20. To investigate the role of the hippocampus in navigational and spatial skills, and the extent to which the brain shows changes (plasticity) when exposed to extensive navigational experience, as demonstrated by London taxi drivers. Also, to see if there is a correlation between the length of taxi-driving experience and the measure of grey matter volume. What type of correlation might we expect? Maguire (2000) – Aim

  21. Maguire (2000) - Sample • 16 male licensed London taxi drivers. • Right-handed. • Aged between 32 and 62 (mean age of 44 years). • Healthy medical, neurological and psychiatric profiles. • All had been licensed for at least 18 months, (range 18 months- 42 years, mean = 14.3 years).

  22. Maguire (2000) – Sample • A comparison group of 50 control participants were chosen from the structural MRI scan database at the same unit where the taxi drivers were scanned. • All Male and healthy. • None were taxi drivers. • Right-handed • Aged between 32 and 62. (Mean age similar to taxi drivers)

  23. Maguire (2000) – Method and Design • INDEPENDENT MEASURES because • Naturally occurring IV. • Relationship between time spent as taxi driver and size of hippocampus. • Taxi drivers and non taxi drivers. • The volume of the hippocampus. • The method is best described as a QUASI EXPERIMENT because……. • AND it also involves aCORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS of …. • The IV is … • The DV is …. • The design is ….

  24. Maguire (2000) – Method and Design • The method is best described as a QUASI EXPERIMENT because of the naturally occurring IV. • AND it also involves aCORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS of Relationship between time spent as taxi driver and size of hippocampus • The IV is taxi drivers and non taxi drivers • The DV is the volume of the hippocampus. • The design is independent measures.

  25. Maguire (2000) – Procedure • Data was collected using MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5q79R9C-mk

  26. Maguire (2000) – Procedure • MRI scans were obtained. • The scans were analysed using two techniques: 1. VBM (Voxel-Based Morphometry) 2. Pixel counting.

  27. Maguire (2000) – Procedure 1st Technique – Voxel-Based Morphometry. • Produces a 3D image measuring the volume of an area. • Identifies differences in density (amount) of grey matter in different areas of the brain. • Grey matter has dense neural connections and is associated with higher order thinking.

  28. Maguire (2000) – Procedure 2nd Technique - Pixel Counting. Produces a 2D image and measures the volume of the hippocampus • A pixel is a single point on a graphic image. • In order to calculate hippocampal area, pixels were counted on photographic ‘slices’ made through the brain using an MRI scan. • The person counting the pixels was ‘blind’ to whether the brain belonged to a taxi driver or control participant. • Pixels were counted for the anterior, posterior and body of the hippocampus.

  29. Measure the volume of the hippocampus of your brain using a ruler. Voxel-based Morphometry

  30. Pixel Counting Lie your hippocampus flat, cut it into thin slices, prod those pieces as many times as you can with a toothpick and count the dots.

  31. Maguire (2000) – Procedure CONTROLS • Participants had all been scanned using the same scanner. • The hippocampal volume for each participant was calculated to include an adjustment for the size of each person’s brain. • This was to ensure that all participants’ data was comparable.

  32. VBM Results Taxi drivers Showed significantly increased grey matter volume in left and right posterior hippocampi. Controls Had relatively greater grey matter volume in the right and left anterior hippocampi. Other differences? No other differences found

  33. Pixel Counting Results Overall There was no significant difference in the total volume of the hippocampi in the controls and the taxi drivers. Taxi drivers The posterior hippocampi had greater volume than the controls. Controls Greater volume in anterior and body of hippocampi and in both cases the right was larger than the left.

  34. Results

  35. Results • Correlational Analysis – a comparison of length of driving experience with the measure of grey matter volume of the taxi drivers showed: A positive correlation between length of time as taxi driver and volume of right posterior hippocampus. A negative correlation between length of time as taxi driver and volume of right anterior hippocampus.

  36. What do the results from the correlation mean? • This means the more experienced the driver is, the greater the grey matter volume is in their right posterior hippocampus and the less grey matter volume there is in their rightanterior hippocampus. • Suggests that there was no overall increase in the volume of grey matter in the hippocampi of taxi drivers – it had been redistributed.

  37. Conclusions Maguire states ‘professional dependence on navigational skills in licensed London taxi drivers is associated with a relative redistribution of grey matter in the hippocampus’.

  38. EXPLANATIONS FOR RESULTS. 1. This difference in the taxi drivers’ hippocampi might have always been there and this could have led them to doing a job where navigational skills were important...... OR 2. The taxi drivers’ hippocampi may have changed as a result of studying for the ‘knowledge’ and working as taxi drivers thus showing plasticityof the brain. Conclusions Which is nature and which is nurture?

  39. Conclusions • The results of the correlational analysis would support the second idea – because the longer they had been a cab driver, the greater the volume of their right posterior hippocampus.

  40. Different roles of anterior and posterior hippocampus • Anterior: This is used when encoding new spatial information, which is more common with people who learn new locations all the time (Non-taxi drivers). • Posterior: This is used when previously learned spatial information is used (Going over ‘the Knowledge’ in taxi-drivers).

  41. Different roles of anterior and posterior hippocampus Right hippocampus Holds mental maps Left hippocampus Complements its partner by storing memories i.e. people and events that occur in the taxi drivers world (but not necessarily into an existing map).

  42. Learning ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you will be able to … • Discuss the structure and function of the hippocampus in relation to spatial memory and navigation. • Outline the research procedure including the two MRI scanning techniques used. • Describe the results of the study. • Outline the conclusions drawn from this study.

  43. Starter Task Clinical Characteristics

  44. Starter Task

  45. Starter Task

  46. Starter Task

  47. Quiz on what we’ve learned https://quizlet.com/265410021/maguire-outline-and-evaluation-flash-cards/ https://create.kahoot.it/details/maguire-2000/c785542c-36c8-470c-b4cc-18ccb0183f78

  48. Question 1 – The taxi drivers were • Male, right-handed and aged 32-62. • Male, right-handed and aged 44-62. • Male, left-handed and aged 44-62. • Female and male, left-handed and aged 32-62.

  49. Question 2 – What was the average time that the taxi drivers had been licensed for? • 1.5 years • 5.8 years • 10.1 years • 14.3 years

  50. Question 3 – Which of the following is false • Controls were all male. • Controls were all right-handed. • Controls were all healthy. • Controls had to take the Knowlegde

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