Reptiles: Adaptations, Orders, and Characteristics

1. Class: Reptilia • Adaptations for life on land. • Amniotic egg.بيض جنيني • Water-conserving kidney. • Three-chambered heart • Crocodilians التماسيحhave 4 Claws مخالبfor diggingحفر and locomotion. • Improved Respiratory Systemالجهاز التنفسي . • Loss of Lateral Lineالخط الجانبي System of fish and amphibians. • 17 orders of reptiles, but only members of 4 remain alive today.

2. 1- Order: Testudines السلاحف • 300 species of turtlesالسلاحف البحرية and tortoises السلاحف البرية • Bony shell. • Limbs articulate internally to the ribs ضلوع • Keratinized beak منقارinstead of teeth. • Fusion of vertebraeالفقرات , ribs and skin bones form plates – carapaceالواح درعية(top of the shell).

3. 2- Order: Crocodiliaالتماسيح • 21 living species; crocodiles, alligators التمساح الامريكي, caiman الاستوائي, and gavialsالتمساح الهندى. • Anatomically closer to birds and dinosaurs than other reptiles (have 4-chambered heart, triangular eye orbits, other skull characteristicsالجمجمة ). Brown Caiman Saltwater Croc. American Alligator Gavial or Gharial

4. 3- Order: Squamataالحرشفيات • A- Suborder: Lizards السحالي • Usually have two pairs of legs • Most are oviparous, some are ovoviviparous or viviparous • Herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous. • B- Suborder: Snakes الحيات • Most are harmlessغير ضار, but about 300 species are venomousسام. • Elongate and lack limbs(leg), have more than 200 vertebrae فقرةand pairs of ribs – for locomotion. • All are carnivorous. Coral Snake Chameleonالحرباء

5. 6- Class: Aves • Adaptations for flight. • Appendages modified as wings. • Have feathers and lack teeth. • Endothermic ثابتة درجة الحرارة • High Metabolic Rate. • A Vertebral Column modified for flight. • Bones lightened by numerous air spaces.

6. 1- Order: Sphenisciformes – Penguins البطريق • Heavy bodied with fat, flightless, flipper زعنفةlike wings for swimming. Penguins • 2- Order: Strigiformes – Owls البوم • Large head with eyes fixed forward. • 3- Order: Anseriforms – Ducks, Geese الوزand Swans البجع owl • 4- Order: Columbiformes –Pigeons and Doves اليمام • Dense Feathers loosely set in skin. Duck

7. 7- Class: Mammals Major Concept: 1- The skin of mammals is thick for protection and has an insulation covering of hair.

8. 2- Adaptations of teeth and digestive tract allows mammals to exploitاستغلال a wide variety of food resources. Siberian Brown Bear - Teeth Beaver Teeth Whale teeth

9. 3- Efficient systems for circulation and gas exchange support the high metabolic rate associated with mammalian endothermy.

10. 5- Metanephric kidneys permit mammals to excrete urea without excessive water loss. 4-The brain of mammals has an expanded cerebral cortex that processes information from various sensory structures.

11. 7- Most mammals are viviparous and have reproductive cycles that help ensure internal fertilization and successful development. 6- Complex behavior patterns enhance mammalian survival.