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Understanding Pregnancy and Female Infertility: Key Factors and Concerns

This comprehensive overview explores the complexities of pregnancy and female infertility, addressing vital aspects such as the timing of childbirth, labor and delivery considerations, and common causes of infertility, including tubal obstruction, ovulatory disorders, polycystic ovary disease, and endometriosis. Additionally, it highlights the implications of cesarean sections, the effects of lupus and spinal cord injuries on pregnancy, and the role of assisted reproductive technology. Understanding these conditions is crucial for women facing challenges in conception and pregnancy.

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Understanding Pregnancy and Female Infertility: Key Factors and Concerns

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  1. Reproductive Pathophysiology 2:Pregnancy and Female Infertility When is it time to be born? Labor and Delivery Nancy Long Sieber, Ph.D. E-162b Human Pathophysiology October 18, 2010

  2. http://www.well-net.com/womenshealth/contraception/bbt-1.gif Fertility

  3. Widmaier, E.P. Raff, H. and K.T. Strang. Vander, Sherman and Luciano’s Human Physiology 9/e. McGraw-Hill. 2004

  4. http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/fertilization.jpeghttp://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/fertilization.jpeg

  5. http://www.sgul.ac.uk/depts/immunology/~dash/troph/blastocyst.jpghttp://www.sgul.ac.uk/depts/immunology/~dash/troph/blastocyst.jpg

  6. Ectopic Pregnancy

  7. A Molar Pregnancy Hydatidiform mole. http://www.waybuilder.net/sweethaven/MedTech/FraPkr02.asp?iCode=010305_010306

  8. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/craniofacial/LynmProject/BSC/BSC2.HTM#FIGURE1http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/craniofacial/LynmProject/BSC/BSC2.HTM#FIGURE1

  9. Neural Tube Defects http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/sbifidap.gif

  10. Fig. 20.48

  11. Widmaier, E.P. Raff, H. and K.T. Strang. Vander, Sherman and Luciano’s Human Physiology 9/e. McGraw-Hill. 2004

  12. Cephalic vs. Breech Presentation http://www.breechbaby.info/images/fgwh2606.GIF

  13. Breech Presentation http://www.breechbaby.info/images/fgwh2606.GIF

  14. C-Sections • Optimal rate: 10 – 15% • Rate in US: 25.2% • Both are safe in a normal pregnancy • Overall safety difficult to compare (since C-sections are most often done when there are complications

  15. Some Lingering Consequences of C-sections • More post-delivery pain than a vaginal birth • Delayed nursing and bonding • Risk of respiratory problems, even if baby is not premature • Increased risk of adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancies: placental problems, uterine rupture.

  16. Lupus and Pregnancy • Disease flares and drugs may suppress fertility. • Problems with excessive blood clotting increase risk of miscarriage and premature birth. • It’s unclear whether pregnancy makes lupus worse or better.

  17. Spinal Cord Injury and Sexuality and Pregnancy • Most women with spinal cord injury continue to be sexually active. • Women with spinal cord injuries can have healthy babies, and about half deliver vaginally. • Concerns during pregnancy include: autonomic dysreflexia, urinary tract infections, premature labor, abnormal presentation (i.e. breech), failure of labor to progress, and effects of drugs on the fetus

  18. Common causes of Infertility in Women • Tubal Obstruction • Ovulatory disorders • Polycystic Ovary Disease • Endometriosis

  19. Obstruction of the Fallopian Tube Normal Obstructed http://www.healthsquare.com/fgwh/wh1c0603.jpg

  20. Polycystic Ovary http://medicineworld.org/images/blogs/2-2007/polycystic-ovary-281680.jpg

  21. Polycystic Ovary Disease • Characterized by irregular menstrual periods, and failure to ovulate. • Appears to be due high constant levels of LH • No LH surge, which is needed for ovulation, so the ova and follicles remain in the ovary. • High LH stimulates high levels of testosterone, leading to hirsutism. • Also characterized by obesity and insulin resistance

  22. Endometriosis http://www.whathealth.com/endometriosis/images/endometriosis.jpg

  23. Endometriosis • Characterized by appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. • The misplaced endometrial tissue responds to reproductive hormones the same way the uterine lining does, and therefore there is thickening of tissues during the follicular phase, and bleeding during menstruation. • Women with endometriosis have fertility rates that are about 1/2 those without the disease. However, the mechanism by which this disorder causes infertility is unclear.

  24. http://www.aquinohotline.com/images/seps029.jpg

  25. Source: Management of the Infertile Woman by Helen A. Carcio and The Fertility Sourcebook by M. Sara Rosenthal

  26. http://www.advancedfertility.com/age.htm

  27. Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology http://www.cdc.gov/ART/ART2007/section1.htm

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