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Swine Flu

Swine Flu. Prof .Dr Fikry Hassan Professor of Infectious Diseases – Faculty of Veterinary Medicine- Zgazig University E-mail (fikryhassan60 @ yahoo.com). بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. (يا أيها الناس كلوا مما فى الأرض حلالاطيبا و لا تتبعوا خطوات الشيطان انه لكم عدو مبين)

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Swine Flu

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  1. Swine Flu

  2. Prof .Dr Fikry Hassan Professor of Infectious Diseases – Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Zgazig University E-mail (fikryhassan60@yahoo.com)

  3. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم • (يا أيها الناس كلوا مما فى الأرض حلالاطيبا و لا تتبعوا خطوات الشيطان انه لكم عدو مبين) الأية 168 – البقرة (انما حرم عليكم الميتة و الدم و لحم الخنزير و ما أهل به لغير الله فمن اضطر غير باغ و لا عاد فلا اثم عليه ان الله غفور رحيم ) الأية 173- البقرة

  4. (قل لاأجد فى ما أوحى الى محرما على طاعم يطعم الا أن يكون ميتة أو دما مسفوحا و لحم خنزير فانه رجس أو فسقا أهل لغير الله به ) الآية 45 – الأنعام (و لا تتخذوا آيات الله هزوا ) الآية – 231 البقرة

  5. Introduction

  6. General information about pigs: • Swine include wild and domestic pigs • There are more than 100 million pigs in the world • About 350 thousands pigs in Egypt. • Pigs can cause 450 infectious and non-infectious diseases. • Sow :female pig • Boar : male pig • Piglet: recently born pig(one month) • Gestation period: 114 days • Oestrus cycle: 19-22 days • Oestrus Period: 1-3 days

  7. Sow can give 8-12 piglets every 3 and half months. • Sow udder composed of about 12-16 nipples located in the ventral abdomen arranged in 2 parallel rows. • Pigs' weight from 100-200 Kg • pork meat contains: high fat (carcinogenic effect ), cholesterol and hormones • Pigs can transmit serious parasitic, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases to man

  8. What is influenza? This term is applied only to infectious diseases caused by a myxovirus in human and animals.

  9. CAUSE: Myxoviruses(20 types) Influenza virus(3) • A: infects man, birds, swine and equine it is the most serious type, due to mutation. • B& C: infect only man.

  10. Host Range of Type A • Human Flu : Type A • Equine Flu: Type A1+A2 • Avian Flu: a strain of type A, isolated from birds(1980) in Britain outbreak in turkeys (1977-1979) in USA. Bird Flu in Egypt (2006) due to A (H5N1), transmitted to man. • Swine flu: 4 strains from type A (H1N1,H1N2,H3N1 and H3N2). • A (H1N1) causes mild disease in swine, but it is fatal in human (low immunity).

  11. Characteristics of Myxoviruses 1-RNA Viruses. 2- Pnemotropic (multiply only in the cells of respiratory tract). 3- Possessing an affinity for mucoproteins, so the name (myxa= mucous) Haemagglutinin (HA) : binding, fusion of the virus to the host cell and responsible for virulence (16 in number) Neuraminidase : destruction of mucoprotein of cell receptors of host cells replication & release of the virus (9 in number)

  12. Resistance of the virus: • Killed in 65°C for 5-10 m. • Killed in acid and alkaline media. • Destructed by formalin, chloramines and chlorinated lime.

  13. Swine Influenza • The disease is highly contagious in swine and characterised by fever, respiratory symptoms, abortion in sows, infertility in boars, weight loss and death of piglets. • The disease is more common in cold weather. • It isn’t usually fatal, morbidity rate is 100 %, mortality rate is (1-4%). • Zoonotic.

  14. Aetiology : • Pig is a reservoir for many influenza viruses from animals, bird and man (interspecies transmission). • New virus strain can be produced in pigs by 2 ways: 1- Mutation of human strain type (A). 2-Mixed strains .... Reassortement or recombination of antigens..... Emergence of new strains ( H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2) which can capable to infect man. H1N1 : is the cause of swine influenza + H3N2

  15. Risk Factors: • Large pig populations. • Bad rearing on rubbish . • Bad climatic condition. • Lowered immunity. • Poor nutrition. • Pregnancy.

  16. Transmission: • Inhalation of the virus by air droplets during coughing and sneezing. • Winds ? • Tran placental transmission (NO) • Earth worms and larvae of Metastrongylus were found to transmit the virus in the Inter-epidemic periods (10-30 y).

  17. Source of Infection: • Infected pigs and man. • Contaminated rubbish. Incubation Period: 2-7 days Course of the disease: 4-6 days

  18. Pathogenesis: • Replication of the virus within the cell of the upper respiratory tract from nose to bronchi. • Pneumonia may occur after bacterial complication: 1- Pasteurella M 2- Haemophilus Influenza 3- Mycoplasma 4- Streptococci.

  19. Clinical Findings: Symptoms: • sudden fever up to 41°C • Anorexia. • Stiffness and muscular pain. • Difficult breathing. • Severe coughing and sneezing. Eye and nasal discharge • Sever weight loss which regain slowly. • Abortion and infertility. • Colonic muscular convulsions in fatal cases.

  20. Clinical Pathology: • Leucopoenia – Lymphopenia_ Neutrophillia. • Increased Fibrinogen. Necropsy Finding: • Dark red to purple like lesions in lungs. • Petechial haemorrhage . • Lung emphysema. • Presence of viscous, frothy excaudate in airways.

  21. Pneumonic lung shows red and grey hepatisation (swine flu)

  22. Diagnosis: 1- Clinical Signs: 2- Isolation of the virus: from saliva , nasal discharge, sputum (swabs). 3-Cellular culture 4- Inoculationin chick embryo.

  23. 5- Lab diagnosis: • Complement fixation test. • Haem agglutination inhibition test • Neutralization test. • ELISA ( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). • PCR : for detection of RNA particles.

  24. The polymerase chain reaction[PCR )

  25. Treatment: • There is no treatment for the virus. • Antibiotic for secondary bacterial infection. • Anti-inflammatory drugs • Supportive treatment.

  26. Prevention and Control

  27. Prevention : • In Egypt 2009, all pigs should eradicated as soon as possible, burnt or deeply buried. • Rearing places of pigs should be transferred away from human populations by 12 KG.

  28. Pig farms must be closed and disinfected regularly. • Special ration for pigs as cattle. • Rubbish collectors should be examined clinically, isolated and treated in case of disease. • Remove the risk factors.

  29. Control: Vaccination: • Monovalent vaccine (H1N1).

  30. DescriptionMaxiVac-FLU is an inactivated virus vaccine Dosage and Administration: • For use in swine only. • Shake well and administer 2 ml intramuscularly. • Pigs nursing non-immune dams can be safely and effectively vaccinated at weaning. • Pigs from immune dams should be vaccinated when maternal antibody levels will allow active immunization. For primary vaccination, administer a second dose in 3 to 4 weeks.

  31. Caution:1.Do not vaccinate within 21 days of slaughter.2. Store at 35°-45°F (2°-7°C). Use entire contents when first opened3. Contains gentamicin as preservative. • Anaphylactic reactions may occur. Antidote: Epinephrine. How Supplied 10, 50 and 100 dose vials.

  32. Bivalent Vaccine(H1N 1 and H3N2) • Killed Virus • For Use in Swine only

  33. For the vaccination of healthy swine, 9 days of age or older, as an aid in the prevention of disease due to swine influenza virus serotype H1N1. • This product also serves as an aid in reduction of disease caused by swine influenza virus subtype H3N2 strains, for which duration of immunity studies are in progress. This product provides cross-protection as an aid in the control of swine influenza subtype H1N2

  34. Dose • Aseptically inject 2 mL intramuscularly per animal. Pigs Suvaxyn SIV Caution • Store between 2° and 7°C (35° and 45°F). • Avoid freezing. Shake well before using. • Use entire contents when first opened. • Do not vaccinate within 21 days before slaughter. • Allergic reactions, although rare, may occur. The antidote is epinephrine.

  35. Mixed Vaccine: (Swine Influenza Vaccine, H1n1 and H3n2, Killed Virus, Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin)

  36. Indications: • Healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older . • An aid in the prevention of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae and in the reduction of disease. • The vaccine has been shown to reduce pneumonia, clinical signs and virus shedding.

  37. Administration/dosage: • Shake well. Using aseptic technique, inject 2 mL intramuscularly (IM) into healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older. • Revaccinate with 2 mL 2-3 weeks after initial vaccination. Pigs nursing non-immune dams can be safely and effectively vaccinated at weaning.

  38. Pigs from immune dams should be vaccinated when maternal antibody levels will allow active immunization. • Duration of immunity, at least two months following vaccination

  39. Caution: • For veterinary use only. Store at 2°-7°C (35°-45°F). Do not freeze. • Use entire contents when first opened. Do not vaccinate within 21 days before slaughter. • If allergic response occurs, administer epinephrine. • It can cause serious local reaction.

  40. Preservatives • Gentamicin, ampicillin and thimerosal. Warning • Extreme caution should be used when injecting any oil emulsion vaccine to avoid injecting your own finger or hand. Accidental injection

  41. Swine Flu in Humans: Aetiology: • The 2009 swine flu outbreak in humans due to virulent new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that was produced by reassortment from human influenza virus, avian influenza virus and swine influenza virus. Predisposing factors: • Globalization • Lowered immunity. • Lack of Health education.

  42. History Credit: US National Museum of Health and Medicine 1918: “Spanish Flu” 1957: “Asian Flu” 1968: “Hong Kong Flu” 20-40 million deaths 1-4 million deaths 1-4 million deaths A(H1N1) A(H2N2) A(H3N2)

  43. Mode of Transmission 1-Through contact with infected pigs and environments contaminated with swine flu viruses. 2- Influenza is spread mainly person-to-person through coughing or sneezing of infected people(inhaled droplets). 3- Swine influenza viruses are not spread by eating pork or pork products.

  44. Clinical Picture Incubation period: 1-4 to 7 days. Infectivity Period : 7 days According to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC): in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms include: fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue, diarrhoea and vomiting.

  45. Diagnosis

  46. Diagnosis Clinical signs of SI are confused with other diseases: • Common cold • Bird flu • Dengue Fever. • Other respiratory infections Lab diagnosis: • Swab for the virus isolation. • Serological tests.

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