Spring 2012 Final Exam Review

1. Spring 2012 Final Exam Review Gateways to Biology

2. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations • What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? sun • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

3. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations • What are the reactants of photosynthesis? • carbon dioxide & water • What are the products of photosynthesis? • glucose (sugar) & oxygen

4. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations • What is the specialized tube in plants called that carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant? • xylem

5. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations • Identify three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and explain the effect of each. • Amount of light • Amount of water • Temperature • Access To CO2

6. Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems • What do the arrows represent in a food chain? • the direction of the transfer of energy

7. Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems • Describe how much energy gets passed from one energy level to another in a food chain. • 10% of the available energy • 90% of the energy is used and released a s heat

8. Producers – transform light energy into usable chemical energy (sugars)consumers – consume 10% of the available energy from the previous trophic leveldecomposers – consume 10% of the available energy from any of the trophic levels in a food chain

9. Ultimate source of energy in any food chain is

10. Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods • What is the chemical formula for high energy sugar (glucose)? • C6H12O6

11. Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods • Fiber in a healthy diet is supplied by which nutrient? • carbohydrates

12. How is the energy available in food measured? • Burning it and measuring the change in temperature in water

13. What is a calorie? • The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1˚ Celcius

14. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients • Where does digestion begin? • the mouth

15. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients • What is the function of the large intestine? • reabsorbs water

16. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients • What kind of proteins catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in the body? • enzymes

17. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients • Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through in the proper order and describe the function of each organ. • 1. mouth: chewing, mech and chem digestion • 2. Esophagus: transports food bolus to stomach

18. Ch 3.4 – Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through… • 3. Stomach: mech and chem digestion • 4. Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients • 5. Large Intestine: reabsorption of water • 6. Rectum: wastes exit body

19. 3.5 Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformations • What are the steps in the process of cellular respiration? 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. electron transport chain

20. How does the body maintain homeostasis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases? • The body will continue to break down glucose (glycolysis) without oxygen in order to make ATP lactic acid builds up in muscles and keeps them from contracting resulting in muscle fatigue

21. In the presence of oxygen how many ATP molecules will one glucose molecule produce? • 38

22. Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of what? • The diaphragm

23. What is the function of the villi in the small intestine? • The villi are the site of nutrient absorbtion and increase the surface area of the small intestine in order to maximize the amount of nutrients being absorbed

24. What is the main function of the pancreas? • The pancreas releases enzymes into the small intestine to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates

25. What is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates? • amylase

26. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • Why is DNA known as the molecule of life? • Because it contains the hereditary material (DNA).

27. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • What is the base pairing rule for DNA? • thymine pairs with adenine • cytosine pairs with guanine

28. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • What is the structure of DNA? • double helix

29. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • Which enzyme links nucleotides to the open strand of DNA? • DNA polymerase

30. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • What makes up the backbone of DNA? • sugar and phosphates

31. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • What is the sequence that complements the DNA sequence ATGCCATGC? • TACGGTACG

32. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life • Why does DNA unzip and separate into single strands to form two identical copies? • To ensure that each new cell has exact copies of genetic material.

33. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division What takes place in prophase? • Nuclear membrane breaks down. • DNA condenses • Centrioles divide and move toweards opposite sides of the cell • Spindle fibers form between the centrioles

34. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? • S phase (synthesis)

35. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • Chromatids attach to each other at what? • centromere

36. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • In which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide through a series of steps? • Mitosis

37. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • Be able to identify pictures of the phases of mitosis.

38. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • What kind of cell is an undifferentiated cell that can become almost any type of cell in the body? • stem cell

39. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • What is the process where unspecialized cells develop into adult cells? • cell differentiation

40. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division • What is the best surface area to volume ratio for moving materials into and out of cells? • 6:1 (largest ratio)

41. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • What are the two plant hormones that stimulate growth? • auxins and giberrellins

42. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • What is the function of apical meristem tissues? • New cells are added along the tips of root and stems that elongate and differentiate into other tissues.

43. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • Know the parts of a cross-section diagram of a leaf.

44. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • What is the structure on roots that increases the surface area for water absorption in plants? • root hairs

45. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • What are some characteristics of seeds that require animals for dispersal? That require the wind for dispersal? That require water for dispersal?

46. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • What are some characteristics of a plant that survives in a dry environment? • types of leaves, types of roots, modifications to stems

47. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development • After seeds have soaked in water for several days, a root emerges from the enlarged seeds. What conclusion can be made from this observation? • Energy stored in seeds is activated and used to grow roots to anchor the plant and establish a system for obtaining water.

48. What structure regulates movement of gases in and out of leaves? • stomata

49. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction • Why do flowers have more pollen grains than ovules in the ovary? • Because the pollen grains have to travel to the ovary.

50. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction • What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis? • The results of meiosis provide a greater variety of genetic outcomes while mitosis produces a clone of the original cell.