1960s Culture

1. 1960s Culture

2. CounterCulture of 1960’s: Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF__TRVD3dQ

3. Books & Literature • During the 60s, authors strived to relate their stories to the struggles and successes of the public. These struggles and successes included poor race relations, gender issues, feminism, and society roles. Books and Authors of the 1960s • To Kill a Mockingbird (Harper Lee)- Struggle between races and social status • Where the Wild Things Are (Maurice Sendak)- Centered on the growth, emotions, and change of children • The Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)- Brought about the environmental movement of the 1960s • In Cold Blood (Truman Capote)- One of the first books with graphic details and suspense based on facts and real events • The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)- Discusses the unhappiness of women of the time and sparked a second round of feminism

5. Music & Radio • Music in the 1960s was marked by the “British Invasion”, the Motown record company, the “culture of drugs”, and the “peace and love” songs. Many of the songs became tunes for popular dances such as the Twist, the Mashed Potato, the Watusi, and the Swim. (*Woodstock) • The British Invasion: The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Dusty Springfield, The Dave Clark Five, The Kinks • Motown: The Temptations, The Four Tops, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Diana Ross & the Supremes, Aretha Franklin, Smokey Robinson, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix • Drugs, Rock, & Roll: Janis Joplin, Pink Floyd, The Doors, Steppenwolf, Simon & Garfunkel, Mamas and the Papas, ELVIS PRESLEY!!! • Folk Peace and Love Songs: Peter, Paul, and Mary “Blowing in the Wind”, Jackie DeShannon “Put A Little Love in Your Heart” POPULAR SONGS OF THE 1960s: Chubby Checker, “The Twist”, The Beatles, “Hey Jude”, The Rolling Stones “Satisfaction”, The Four Tops, “I Can’t Help Myself”, Elvis Presley, “It’s Now or Never”

7. Woodstock • Known as one of the most pivotal moments in music history, Woodstock was a Music Festival in 1969 in which more than 500,000 people attended. • The event took place on a dairy farm in New York. • Thirty-Two bands and individuals performed over a span of four days. • Woodstock signified peace, cultural expression, and youth. • Performers included: Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, the Who, Janis Joplin and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

9. Movies & Television • Movies and television in the 1960s reflected the many social changes and cultural movements of the decade. • There were only three channels on TVs- ABC, NBC, and CBS. Most shows were family oriented and upheld good morals. Most families only had one TV per household. TV was used for advertisement, and certain shows were played at specific times to reach the appropriate audience. For example, cartoons were shown every Saturday Morning for kids. • Popular TV shows: American Bandstand, Batman, Bewitched, Gilligan’s Island, Leave It to Beaver, Lassie, The Andy Griffith Show, Popeye • Movies were based on realism and honesty. Many Broadway musicals were made into films including The Sound of Music and My Fair Lady. Morals were ignored, as sex, language, and violence became more involved in films. Actors, Actresses, and Movies: • Julie Andrews, Audrey Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, John Wayne, Natalie Wood, Burt Lancaster, Peter O’Toole • The Sound of Music, Mary Poppins, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, Oliver, West Side Story, Goldfinger

11. Sports • Three Olympic Games were held in the 1960s. America claimed many gold medals including: • Muhammad Ali was a gold medalist boxer in 1960. • Wilma Rudolph, and African American woman, who was not supposed to walk again after being ill as a child, proved everyone wrong by winning three Gold Medals as a runner. • The U.S. Ice Hockey team defeated all odds by winning the Gold Medal in 1960. • The U.S. Men’s Basketball Team collected Gold at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics • Baseball player, Roger Maris, set a home run record that was not broken until 1998 by Mark McGwire • Jackie Robinson was the first African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 • The first Super Bowl was played by the Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs in 1967. The Packers defeated the Chiefs. • Wilt Chamberlain scored 100 points in a NBA game, setting a record still unbeaten.

13. Colorful Shoes and Boots 1960 Fashion The Mods Hairstyles The Bikini The Miniskirt Suits Jackie Kennedy

14. HAIRSTYLES The beehive hairdo was extremely popular in the 60’s. The pop girl band, The Ronettes along with Audrey Hepburn’s character in Breakfast at Tiffanys’s, Yeoman Janice Rand, from the original 1960s Star Trek TV series, and '60s singing icon, Dusty Springfield made this hairdo the fashion trend of the 60s. The African-American hairstyles for both men and women included the afro. The afro style was much different and a more natural look than the straight way African women used to wear their hair.

15. PIXIE and SHORT Hair CHIGNON hairstyle Models from Britain such as Twiggy and Sassoon made short hair popular in the United states. Twiggy was also known for making fake eyelashes a fashionable accessory in the 1960s. The chignon hairstyle, a low bun twisted and pinned, of the 60s became an elegant hairstyle that was seen with women wearing channel suits and evening dresses.

16. MALE hairstyles BANGS and LONG hair Bangs and long straight hair was considered “sexy” during the 60s. Younger women and teenagers were going for this look. Men living in the 60s were influenced by the shaggy hair of the British boy band, The Beetles.

17. Shoes Square toed shoes became popular with the colors red, white, and blue. The 1960s were a time of colorful clothing. Bright colored shoes were thrown together with bright color outfits. The shoes always matched the purse. Chunky heels with big buckles and extravagant ties were worn by women.

18. Bright colored stockings were worn with bright colored shoes and mini skirts. It was not uncommon to see designed stockings coming all the way up to the woman's knee.

19. Go-go boots became popular after movie star Honor Blackman, as Cathy Gale and Diana Rigg, as Emma Peel in The Avengers, were seen wearing knee high, black leather go-go boots. Boots became a trademark of the show world. However, it was Nancy Sinatra's 1966 hit, "These Boots Were Made For Walking" that captured the public imagination and launched the boot on its road to hipness. They started off ankle-high and moved up to knee-high by 1966.

20. Jackie Kennedy Jackie Kennedy made the pillbox hat, a must have item in American closets. She was the main figure of fashion during this time.

21. The Mini Skirt The mini skirt created by Mary Quantbecame a high fashion trademark during the 60s.

23. The Bikini Bikinis made their appearance in the 1960s with bright colors and patterns. They did not show as much skin as they do today because they were hip riding bikinis that gave a baby doll look.

24. Suits Suits were worn by both men and women and were popular in the 60s; however, they were mainly popular and worn by men. In the 1960s suits changed from bland colors to extravagant colors with patterns such as plaid. With extreme versions of ties ranging from really wide to really skinny.

25. The Mods London Modernists known as “Mods” were the fashion drivers of the 1960s. They were the production of the baby boom and quite different than the generation of fashion seen in the 50s. They had a modern approach to fashion by redefining clothes using bright colors and lots of geometric patterns rather than pastel colors. They also had a modern approach to makeup use by using bright colors and more makeup such as eyeliner and fake eyelashes.

26. Late 60s Tie-died shirts, headbands, beads, bellbottoms, sandals, buck-skin vests, Mexican peasant blouses, scarves, and being in public without a bra and no shoes were the fashion trends of the late 60s.

27. SOCIETY roles -Women • During the 60s women from WWII baby boom were beginning to enter the work force at higher numbers than ever before demanding equal rights and equal pay. • There were problems with sexual harassment and unequal and discriminatory actions against women in the workforce. • Since the federal government approved birth control in 1960 over 80% of women were using the contractions. This affected the rate of child birth significantly as less children were being born.

29. SOCIETY roles -African Americans • African Americans were still being treated unfairly, although in the 60s a number of legislations were passed to help them out including • the passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations • the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that restored and protected voting rights • the Fair Housing Act of 1968, that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. • African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people both white and black were inspired to action.

30. Religion • The mainline Protestantism no longer represented all of society's spiritual interests in the 1960s because the baby boom produced a large population that had different ideas and opinions which gave birth to more complex diverse religious groups and practices. There was an increase in the belief of separation of church and state.

31. Culture of the 70’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ll9nFuiZuA0

32. FACTS about this decade. • Population: 204,879,000 Unemployed in 1970: 4,088,000 National Debt: $382 billion Average salary: $7,564 Food prices: milk, 33 cents a qt.; bread, 24 cents a loaf; round steak, $1.30 a pound Life Expectancy: Male, 67.1; Female, 74.8 • Watergate forced a president to resign or be impeached. • SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, extended from November 1969 to May 1972. During that period the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated the first agreements to place limits and restraints on some of their central and most important armaments.

33. Education • Social movements, particularly the anti-war movement, were highly visible on college and university campuses. • The Kent State massacre was the most devastating event, with four students gunned down by Ohio National Guardsmen attempting to stem the anti-war demonstrations. • Mandatory busing to achieve racial school integration, particularly in Boston and other Northeastern cities, often led to violence and a disruption of the educational process. • On a positive educational note, Congress guaranteed equal educational access to the handicapped with the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed. (1971)- busing can be used as a tool to desegregate schools

34. Fads • Mood rings, lava lamps, Rubik's cube, Sea Monkeys, smiley face stickers, and pet rocks all captured the imagination of Americans during this decade. The wildest fad surely was streaking nude through very public places! Families vacationed in station wagons and everyone wanted an RV.

35. Fashion • The men sported shoulder length hair. • Non-traditional clothing became the rage, including bellbottom pants, hip huggers, colorful patches, hot pants, platform shoes, earth shoes, clogs, T-shirts, and gypsy dresses. Knits and denims were the fabrics of choice. • Leisure suits for men became commonplace, and women were fashionable in everything from ankle-length grandmother dresses to hot pants and micro-miniskirts. • The movie Annie Hall (1977) even inspired a fashion trend with women sporting traditional men's clothing such as derby hats, tweed jackets, and neckties worn with baggy pants or skirts.

36. The movies • The Seventies was the decade of the big comeback for the movies. After years of box office erosion caused by the popularity of television, a combination of blockbuster movies and new technologies such as Panavision and Dolby sound brought the masses back to the movies. The sci-fi adventure and spectacular special effects of George Lucas's Star Wars made it one of the highest grossing films ever. • Other memorable movies were the disaster movies, Towering Inferno, Earthquake, Poseidon Adventure, and Airport. Sylvester Stallone's Rocky reaffirmed the American dream and gave people a hero with a "little guy comes out on top" plot. The Godfather spawned multiple sequels. There also was the terror of Steven Spielberg's Jaws, the chilling Exorcist, and the moving Kramer vs. Kramer. There was a definite public yearning for simpler, more innocent times as evidenced by the popularity of the movies, American Graffiti and Grease, which both presented a romanticized view of the Fifties. Saturday Night Fever with John Travolta fueled the "disco fever" already sweeping the music and dance club scenes; and the nation's experience in the Vietnam War and its aftermath influenced the themes of several movies, including Coming Home, The Deer Hunter, and Apocalypse Now.

37. Television and the movies • Television came of age in the Seventies as topics once considered taboo were broached on the airwaves for the first time. Leading the way was the humorous social satire of All in the Family which had plots on many controversial issues such as abortion, race, and homosexuality. Saturday Night Live also satirized topics and people once thought of as off limits for such treatment, such as sex and religion. Nothing was considered sacred. • Television satellite news broadcasts from the frontlines of the conflict in Vietnam continued to bring the horrors of war into the homes of millions of Americans and intensified anti-war sentiment in the country. The immensely popular TV miniseries Roots fostered an interest in genealogy, a greater appreciation of whites for the plight of blacks, and an increased interest in African American history. Happy Days, which followed the lives of a group of fifties-era teenagers, was TV's primary nod to nostalgia, while The Brady Bunch comically presented the contemporary family. The relatively new publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting gained viewers and stature with such fare as Sesame Street for children, and live broadcasts of the Senate Watergate hearings.

38. Technology • The floppy disc appeared in 1970, and the next year Intel introduced the microprocessor, the "computer on a chip." • Apollo 17, the last manned craft to the moon, brought back 250 samples of rock and soil. Unmanned space probes explored the moon, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, Uranus, and Venus. • The U.S. Apollo 18 and the USSR's Soyuz 19 linked up in space to conduct joint experiments. • Atari produced the first low-priced integrated circuit TV games, and the videocassette recorder (VCR) changed home entertainment forever. • Jumbo jets revolutionized commercial flight, doubling passenger capacity and increasing flight range to 6,000 miles. • The neutron bomb, which destroys living beings but leaves buildings intact, was developed. • In medicine, ultrasound diagnostic techniques were developed. The sites of DNA production on genes were discovered, and the fledging research in genetic engineering was halted pending development of safer techniques. The first test tube baby was born, developed from an artificially inseminated egg implanted in the mother's womb.

39. Music • This decade saw the breakup of the Beatles and the death of Elvis Presley, robbing rock of two major influences. • Pop music splintered into a multitude of styles: soft-rock, hard rock, country rock, folk rock, punk rock, shock rock • The dance craze of the decade, disco! • Among the top names in popular music were Aerosmith, the Bee Gees, David Bowie, Jackson Browne, Eagles, Billy Joel, Elton John, Led Zeppelin, John Lennon, Pink Floyd, Bruce Springsteen, Rod Stewart, Three Dog Night, and The Who. • "Easy listening" regained popularity with groups such as the Carpenters, and Bob Marley gained a huge core of fans in the U.S. performing Jamaican reggae music.

40. The end of the Vietnam War • The U.S. had always had • a definite reason to fight a war • Declared war on its enemies • a plan or strategy for fighting and winning • Signed a peace treaty that ended the war. • 1969-1973 most powerful- second march on Washington and My Lai Massacre • 1970- Bombing of Cambodia, Kent State and the Pentagon Papers. • War Hawks, Doves, Draft evasion. • Vietnamization and Domino Theory • Cease Fire- January 1973 • Cease fire in Vietnam • People of South Vietnam to choose own government. • Release of all American POW’s. • Rest of U.S. troops to withdrawn in 60 days • 150,000 North Vietnamese troops to remain in South Vietnam

41. Oil Embargo • October 17, 1973, when Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in the midst of the Yom Kippur War, announced that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Egypt—that is, to the United States and its allies in Western Europe. • At around the same time, OPEC-member states agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting mechanism for oil to quadruple world oil prices

42. Environment • What is Love Canal? Simply put, it is an incomplete canal, or just a trench, built in western New York state in the 1890s. From the 1930s through the 1950s, it was used as a chemical waste dump. The surrounding land was then sold and used for residential purposes, and soon people began complaining about strange odors and possible health problems. Since the late 1970s, many studies have been done to ascertain whether any health problems can be traced to the waste dumped into Love Canal. • Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant is just outside Harrisburg, Penn. • A failed valve, and a miss reading by a worker caused the reactor to be exposed and radiation to escape. No deaths or illnesses. 1/2 hour away from a meltdown.

43. Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple • The charismatic leader of Jonestown, was Jim Jones, a preacher who set up the Peoples Temple in San Francisco and ultimately moved his followers to a more clandestine site in Guyana. • While Jones was preaching in San Francisco, he helped out many local and even national campaigns and was seen as a healer which much power in the community. • However, once he had all of his members in Jonestown, his personality changed. Away from the constraints of American soil, Jonestown and its members became very cultish. • In 1978, 913 followers of Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple committed a mass suicide in northern Guyana at a site called, Jonestown. After making all 276 children at Jonestown drink the punch, all the adults proceeded. In the end, after Jones apparently killed himself with a gunshot to the head.

44. Watergate- the End of a Presidency • Pentagon Papers , Leaks and the Plumbers • Political Spying and Dirty Tricks • Break in at the Democratic National Headquarters. • Cover-up • Saturday Night Massacre • Investigation • Special Prosecutors • Tapes • Impeachment • Resignation- “I am not a crook.”

45. Patty Hearst and the SLA • On Feb. 4, 1974, the SLA carried out its most notorious crime — the kidnapping of 19-year-old newspaper heiress Patricia Campbell Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst and an art history major at Berkeley, it was a national media event. • A SLA communiqué to a local newspaper said the group had "served an arrest warrant" on Hearst, daughter of the "corporate enemy of the people.” • SLA's first demand: that every poor person in California be given $70 in free food.The estimated cost of such a food distribution would be $400 million. Instead a food donation program was set that provided $2 million in food. • The SLA robbed a Hibernia Bank branch in San Francisco. Two surveillance cameras captured Hearst carrying a carbine and shouting orders at terrified bank customers. Two bystanders were shot during the robbery, which netted the SLA $10,692.Urban Guerilla or Brainwashed? • When she went on trial for bank robbery, she claimed the SLA had brainwashed her into believing the FBI would kill her if she tried to return to her parents. A jury rejected Hearst's claim and she spent two years in prison before President Carter commuted her sentence.

46. Apollo Missions • Apollo 12 was launched at 11:22:00 a.m. EST on November 14, 1969. The mission plan called for a landing in the Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms) area. Survey of the area, collect samples; experiments; photographs • Apollo 13 was launched at 2:13:00 p.m. EST on April 11, 1970. None of the primary misson objectives was accomplished. The mission was aborted after nearly 56 hours of flight • The Apollo 14 Mission, was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on January 31, 1971. To explore, collect scientific data and material. • The Apollo 15 Mission- explore over longer ranges, more hours and more equipment. • The Apollo 16 Mission- explore over longer ranges, more hours (20) and more equipment and a lunar rover-27 kilometers. • The Apollo 17 Mission- the last of the Apollo missions. Awesome midnight launch its flawless operation, its 72-hour lunar staytime, its deployment of scientific instrumentation, its return of the richest collection of lunar materials from any lunar site, its orbital science coverage.

47. Questions • Compare and Contrast the culture of the 1960s, 1970s, and today. Use the chart shown at the BOTTOM of this page. And yes, fill out the entire chart. • Make generalizations: What are some “life lessons” we can learn from the 1960’s? In other words, if you were a parent living in that generation, what advice would you have for the children of that generation? List three. • Do the same thing for the 1970’s. • What surprised you most about the 1960’s and why? • Do the same thing for the 1970s. • Pick a problem from the 1960’s. If you were the President of the U.S., how would you solve that problem? • Do the same thing for the 1970’s.