Chapter 13- Urban Areas

1. Chapter 13- Urban Areas Key Issue 1- Why do services cluster down town? Key Issue 2: Where are people distributed within urban areas? Key Issue 3- Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Key Issue 4- Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

2. History of Cities • Today ½ of world’s population is classified as urban • US- 1920 dominated the US • Fastest growing urban areas are in LDCs • Much of this 20th and 21st century • In U.S. urban defined as any place with 2,500 people or more • Every country defines urban differently • Metropolitan Urban Area- 50,000 • Money, Federal Support • MSA- is often connected- Greenville-Spartanburg- Anderson- This is looked who travels within whom

3. Origins • First appeared at least 5,000 years ago • Developed independently? Mostly focus on Fertile Crescent as earliest • First cities primarily religious but had other functions (tool making, handicrafts etc provided an economic base). • Only way could develop: an efficient ag system producing surplus food

4. Urban Origins • Elaborate social organization developed • Priestly or military ruling group usually coordinated collection, storage and distribution of food. • Eventually another class of worker emerged: merchant • Gradually trade network evolved involving three urban groups: merchants, artisans and ruling elite

6. Historic City Functions Commercial Centers - Fresno, Venice, New York Industrial Cities - Manchester, Detroit, Los Angeles Primary Resources - Scotia, Minas Gerais, Nevada City Resort Cities - Santa Barbara, Las Vegas, Marseille Government / Religious Centers - Monterey, D.C., Brasilia Education Centers - Palo Alto, Berkeley

7. Percent of Population Living in Urban Areas

8. What is Urban Geography? • Historically, geographers have examined how and why areas, or spaces, are the same or different • Urban geographers seek to understand and identify: • why cities are alike and different • regular patterns of urban development, housing, employment, diversity • the social, economic, & political trends of urban versus non-urban spaces

9. Retailing Wholesaling Manufacturing Business Services Entertainment Political & Official Administration Military Defense Needs Social & Religious Service Public Services Education Transportation & Communications Meeting Places Recreation Visitor Services Residential Areas The Functions of Urban Areas

10. Traditional Patterns of Urban Structure • Historic Cores • Narrow, Complex Streets • Built Before Auto Era • Plazas and Squares • Scars of War • Symbolism • Compact in Form • Low Skylines • Lively Downtowns • Neighborhood Stability • Municipal Socialism

11. Early Cities • Many ancient cities were small: few had populations of 50,000 Babylon got as high as 80,000 • Nile Valley. Cities remembered for monumental architecture • Unique features to Egyptian towns were long, parallel streets..more formal city plan • 2300 B.C. cities developed in Indus Valley: large citadel placed at the perimeter. Public buildings were located on citadel.

12. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) Jericho 10,000 B.C. Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) Walled cities based on agricultural trade Ziggurat (stepped temple) Ancient Ur in Iraq

13. Early Cities • Other areas of urban development: Huang He Valley in China, Mediterranean Coast and Mesoamerica. • Hartshorn states Mesoamerican cities probably developed independently but those in China, Indus Valley, Nile Valley and Mediterranean “most certainly evolved from Mesopotamian heartland.”

14. Early Cities • Greek cities emerged in 7 & 8 century B.C. • City-state (compact region dominated by walled village or small city) • Some got as large as 150,000 people • Cities evolved: organic. • Acropolis (religious and defensive structure) • Later more formalized morphology

15. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed 100,000 Many cities organized into City-States Ancient Athens

16. Early Cities • Greek city became model for Romans • More formalized than Greek city • Health and recreation needs of pop were given special attention (public baths, fountains) • As grew, cities harder to plan and control space • Roman forum: public buildings surround forum, including bath, theater, arena and gym.

17. Roots of European Urban Expansion • Europe, urban system introduced by Greeks and Romans almost wiped out by Dark Ages • Feudalism dominated landscape (rural, rigid) • Most regions did have some towns • Types: university centers, defensive strongholds, administrative centers • Renaissance era changes transformed city systems—merchant capitalism • Development of gateway cities (serve as link between one country or region and others because of physical situation)

18. Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities Begin in 11th Century Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. Improved roads encouraged trade Dense and compact within defensive walls Paris, France Cittadella, Italy

19. Medieval World Cities Cittadella, Italy Cittadella, Italy

20. Evolution of U.S. Urban Pattern • Pedestrian city • Considered Colonial Pedestrian cities • Compact, walkable, no neighborhood • Industrial city (development of national system of cities after Civil War) • Division of Neighborhoods, Central business district, pollution increases • Streetcar or elite suburbs-1888 the invention of the electric motor • The city life was tough, had to buy much of everything up front 2/3 of your mortgage • One mile away from the central business area • Suburban dominance • 1945- The end of WW II • GI Bill- gave the GI’s loans for Mortgages • Got to be new construction • Birth of the American Dream- What is it? • Ex-Urbs- further out with lots of land but in a sub division

21. Back to City Movement • Urban Renewal- What about Greenville? Destroyed buildings • Main Street approach- preservation approach • First groups to come back was the Gays and Lesbians- WHY? • Yuppies- young urban professionals • Dinks- Double income with no kids • Artist were the third group • They moved into the elite suburbs • Gentrificaton • Process of going in and revitalizing residential areas • Hope vi- displacement of the urban families

22. Major Cities of the World

23. Pre-Industrial Cities Third World Cities • These are cities that have not been influenced by industrialization.  • The social structure is usually based on a hierarchical class system.  • There is a three level differentiation.  • The elite or the ruling class occupies the center of the city; the lower class and the outcastes occupy the intermediate and the outer peripheral areas respectively.  • Transportation modes are quite primitive (usually walking, bullock carts, and so on).  • Since these cities depend on small agricultural retail, they are usually small in size.

24. Industrial & Post-Industrial Third World Cities • Industrial Cities • Cities with a significant manufacturing component.  • Factories are located in central areas, which are accessible by mass transportation (buses, trains).  • These cities survive as long as they maintain a comparative advantage over other cities in the manufacturing sector. • Post-Industrial Cities • These are cities that have "graduated from industrialization" into service (business, leisure) industries.  • Most Third World cities are yet to reach this stage.

25. Colonial Cities • The pattern of colonial cities depends on the colonies of which they were a part of.  • Spanish conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it.  • Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements.  • Most of the cities in Latin America to the west of Andes, for example, follow the Laws of Indies that were promulgated by the Spain's King during late sixteenth century.  • Their administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

26. Colonial Cities • On the other hand, the French and the British never mingled with the local population and created separate quarters for themselves.  • Thus, French and British colonies usually have a "White Town" consisting of spacious houses, well laid out streets and a "Native Town" which were usually quite dense and housed the indigenous population.  • Most colonial cities were either coastal (to allow maritime trade with the colonies) or administrative.

27. Post-Colonial Cities • Colonialism has strong impact on the form of post-colonial cities, and reflect some of their earlier characteristics.  • The elite and the upper class usually buy properties from the previous colonial owners, thus transforming such areas into rich enclaves.  • In apartheid countries of Africa, the division is very well defined.  • Africa is facing a more turbulent situation with the transfer of property as many properties owned by the White are being forcibly taken over by native blacks (e.g. South Africa, Zimbabwe).

28. Mexico City The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

29. Fès (Fez), Morocco The old city in the east has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

30. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

31. Modern World Cities A high percentage of world’s business is transacted and political power is concentrated in these cities. Headquarters of large businesses Media control centers Access to political power London, New York, Tokyo Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, and Singapore

32. Urban PlanningBuilding Better Cities How to Make a Great City Famous Planned Cities Canberra, Australia Brasilia, Brazil Washington, D.C. Irvine, CA Seaside, FL Poundbury, England Smart Growth Pedestrian Friendly Increase Density Mix Ethnic and Income Groups

33. Rank-Size Rule Rank-Size Rule: n th-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

34. Primate City Rule Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city. These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country.

35. Key Issue 1- Why do services cluster down town? • Urbanization- the process by which the population of cities grows • increase in the number of people living in cities • increase in the percentage of people living in the cities • A large percentage of people living in urban areas is a measure of a country’s development. • In MDC’s approx ¾ of pop live in urban areas, compared to 2/5 for LDC’s. • The increase in service sector jobs pull people to the cities, while the need for fewer farm workers has pushed them out of the rural areas. • Although MDC’s generally have a higher percentage of people living in the cities, LDC’s have most of the world’s largest cities. • About half the growth results from people emigrating from the countryside to the city, even without the prospect of available jobs

36. Defining where urban areas end and rural areas begin is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in areas dominated by urban sprawl, like the U.S. • Louis Wirth argued that an urban resident follows a different way of life from a rural dweller. Wirth socially defined the city as having these three characteristics: -Large size -High density -Social heterogeneity • Physically designating a “city” is even more difficult. Various methods are used, sometimes interchangeably, sometimes overlapping.

37. Largest World Metropolitan Areas Ten Most Populous Today

38. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous in A.D. 1975 1. Tokyo 19.8 million 2. New York 15.9 million 3. Shanghai 11.4 million 4. México 11.2 million 5. São Paulo 9.9 million 6. Osaka 9.8 million 7. Buenos Aires 9.1 million 8. Los Angeles 8.9 million 9. Paris 8.9 million 10. Beijing 8.5 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that five of these cities are in the Core or more developed world.

39. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous by A.D. 2015 1. Tokyo 28.7 million 2. Bombay 27.4 million 3. Lagos 24.4 million 4. Shanghai 23.4 million 5. Jakarta 21.2 million 6. São Paulo 20.8 million 7. Karachi 20.6 million 8. Beijing 19.4 million 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh 19.0 million 10. México 18.8 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that only one of these cities is in the Core of the more developed world!

40. City- The area of urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit -Urbanized area- In the U.S, the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs. -Metropolitan Statistical Area- the U.S. Census official method of measuring the functional area of a city. 4 characteristics -urbanized area with a pop of at least 50,000. -The county within which the city is located. -Adjacent counties w/a high pop density and large % of residents working in the central city’s county. -Micropolitan statistical areas- same as MSA only designed for smaller urban areas.

41. Sometimes the MSA of cities will overlap resulting in a mega city commonly referred to as a megalopolis, such as the Boswash corridor. (The “continuous” city of Boston, Washington D.C., and New York City)

42. Megalopolis Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions and broader urban agglomerations. To define urbanized areas, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated MSA (CMSA) if two of them overlap.

43. The BosWash Megalopolis The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

44. US Megalopolitan Areas

45. CBD land uses • Central business districts (CBDs) • Retail services in the CBD • Retailers with a high threshold • Retailers with a high range • Retailers serving downtown workers • Business services in the CBD

46. CBD of Charlotte, NC Figure 13-1

47. Competition for land in the CBD • High land costs • Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo • Intensive land use • Underground areas • Skyscrapers • “Vertical geography”

48. Skyscrapers Why build up? Why copy Western model?

49. Activities excluded from the CBD • Lack of industry in the CBD • Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land • Lack of residents in the CBD • Push and pull factors involved • CBDs outside North America • Less dominated by commercial considerations.

50. Key Issue 2: Where are people distributed within urban areas? • Models of urban structure • Are used to explain where people live in cities • Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago • Concentric zone model • Sector model • Multiple nuclei model