Rolling Stock (Locomotive ) Mathew Varughese

1. Rolling Stock (Locomotive)Mathew Varughese

2. Locomotive Terminology • Locomotive – A vehicle that give energy and powers to the train, the only “live” part of the train. • The coaches of a train are only pulled or pushed along the rails by the locomotive. • There are numerous types of locomotives, but most are powered by either diesel fuel or electricity.

3. Engine • Locomotives are popularly called “Engines”, though the engine is only a part of the (diesel) locomotive, while electric locomotives do not have engines at all. • The engine is the most important part in diesel locomotives which supply the power to turn the wheels.

4. Bogie • A bogie is a unit under a coach or a locomotive body • It is an an under truck , which houses the wheels, suspension etc. • There are two bogies for a coach or a locomotive . • .

5. Wheel Arrangement. • Specifies how many wheels are present on how many bogies of a locomotive. • The most common WA today is three sets of wheels on each bogies (6 wheels), and total 12 wheels in a locomotive. These bogies are as denoted Co-Cobogies. • This is used in locomotives which haul heavy loads. • . The bogies having two wheel sets ( 4 wheels) in each bogie and total 8 wheels in a locomotive, this bogie is known as iBo-Bo, which is good for light, speedy loads.

6. Co-Co Bogie arrangement

7. Co-Co Bogie

8. BO-BO Bogie arrangement

9. Driving Cab • Driving Cab is The “Cockpit” of the locomotive • The loco pilot (driver) and assistant and any other sit and drive the loco from the driving cab. • . All controls etc are located here. • The cluster containing the controls to drive the locomotive is called a “Control Stand”.

10. Driving cab

11. Pantograph • Pantograph – The arm-like device on the top of the electric locomotive that extends upwards to collect current from the overhead lines. • Usually there are two of them for a locomotive, only one will be used at a time.

12. Pantograph of an electric locomotive

13. Transmission • Transmission – The medium used to send the power generated by the diesel engine to the wheels. • In modern locomotives, the diesel engine produces electric (AC) current used to power traction motors which turn the wheels. Hence transmission is AC. Vastly different from the traditional automotive sense.

14. Traction Motors • Traction Motors – Electric motors that “actually” drive the wheels of the locomotive and hence the train. These motors are directly connected to axles of the locomotive, usually one per axle. They use the electric power generated by the generator/alternator run by the diesel engine or from the transformers (electric locos) to output mechanical power to turn the wheels and move the locomotive forward.

15. Traction motor ( Shematic diagram)

16. Traction Motor Arrangement

17. Traction Motor Arrangement

18. ALCO • ALCO – American Locomotive Corporation, an American manufacturer of Diesel locomotives. • ALCO supplied India’s first mainline Diesel Locomotive the WDM1 and later the WDM2, which became the mainstay of the Indian Railways. • All Indian locomotives except the WDP/G4 are based on the WDM2 and are called “ALCOs”

19. EMD –Electro Motive Diesel • EMD –Electro Motive Diesel, an American company which manufactures Diesel locomotives. • It was previously owned by GM (General Motors). EMD supplied the WDP4 and WDG4.

20. Indian Railways has two types (Make) of Diesel Electric Locomotives 1. ALCO 2. HHP (EMD) ALCO Locomotives are 1.WDM2 2.WDM3A 3.WDG3A 4.WDM3D 5.WDS6 HHP Locomotives are 1.WDG4 2.WDP4 3.WDP4B 4.WDP4D 5.WDG4D

21. Long Hood Forward (LHF) • Long Hood Forward (LHF) – This is a driving mode for locomotives when the locomotive is driven with the driving cab behind the longer Hood length of the locomotive body. • Visibility might be a problem here and many locomotives have speed controls when driven in LHF. • Some like the WDP4 EMDs have been criticized for their too long hoods obscuring visibility.

22. Long hood Forward driving(View from inside the engine)

23. Short Hood Forward (SHF) • Short Hood Forward (SHF) – This driving style is the opposite of LHF where the locomotive is driven with the cabin towards the front of the locomotive, behind the shorter “nose” of the loco. • This is actually the “forward” operating position of the locomotive, since the long hood is technically the rear of the loco with the radiator, exhaust and all. Dual Cab locomotives do not have LHF/SHF.

24. Short hood Forward driving(View from inside the engine)

25. Driving structure design • The Dual Cab Forward type will have cabs or driving cabins at either end of the locomotive facing outwards. • It is seen in all electric locos • Newer diesel locomotives (WDP4D, WDP3A) are also provided with dual cabins. • This type is the most convenient and safest to operate as it gives the best view for the Loco Pilots of the way ahead. • Turning round the loco is not required in dual cabin.

26. Driving structure design • The Single Cab Forward type will have a driving cab at only one end of the locomotive as seen in WDP4 and WDG4 EMD locomotives • This design is intended either to be used with turntables where the locomotive is turned around so that the cab always faces the direction in which the train is moving • However, since India does not have turntables, WDP/G4s are to be driven in Long Hood Forward mode and hence has control stands facing the other direction. • WDP/G4s have a very long hood and have been criticized for being “unsafe” because of visibility issues. • TheWDP4D was the result of this criticism with an additional cab.

27. Nomenclature of engines

28. The First Letter – The Gauge it Runs on. • The first letter in all Class Names stands for what track gauge the locomotive will run on, officially called “Gauge“. • The letters that will appear in this slot are W, Y, Z and N, each representing a particular type of gauge. • If a W appears in the beginning of the class name, it will denote a locomotive running on Broad Gauge track (1676 mm). • If it is a Y it tells us that the loco will run only on Meter Gauge, Z is 2’6″ Narrow gauge.

29. The Second Letter – What Fuel it Uses. • The second letter in the class name notation stands for the type of traction used by the locomotive, or the power it runs on. • Officially, “Power“. The letters that will appear here are D, A, C, CA and B.  • D denotes a Diesel Locomotive, •  A denotes an AC loco running on 25 kV 50 Hz Alternating Current (AC) power, •  C denotes a loco running on 1500V Direct Current (DC) power,  • CA denotes a locomotive that can run on both AC and DC power.

30. The Third Letter – What it Hauls • The third letter in the class name notation specifies what type of work the locomotive is best suited for, called “Load“. • The load can be denoted by commonly P, G, M, which shows what type of work the loco is best suited to do. • If the third letter in the class name of a locomotive is a P, it will mean it is specifically meant for hauling trains running passenger services • Gwill denote a locomotive best suited for Goods (Freight) trains . If it M, it says that the loco can be used for any service, Passenger or Goods • An S denotes a low powered shunting locomotive

31. The Fourth Number – Version/Power • The Fourth Number – Version/Power • The fourth slot in the class name will always be occupied by a number called “Series“, denoting different things for different types of locomotives. • For most locomotives today, this number generally denotes the chronological order or the “serial” or “version” in which the locomotive was introduced. The First AC powered loco was a WAM1 and then came WAM2, WAM3 etc. • A new version number can mean a new model altogether (WAM3 to WAM4) or a major upgrade of an existing model (WAP1 to WAP4).

32. The Fifth Letter – The Subtype • The Fifth Letter – The Subtype • The fifth and in most cases the last letter is called a “Subtype • It can be a letter or a number and may arbitrarily denote anything from power rating to unique factors of the loco

33. Loco Nomenclature Indicates • WDM -Wide Diesel Mixed • WDP - Wide Diesel Passenger • WDG -Wide Diesel Goods • WDS - Wide Diesel Shunting • WAP -Wide AC Elect Passenger • WCAM-Wide DC/AC Mixed After 3rd letter, a Digit (may or may not be suffixed by alphabet) indicates model nos.

34. BOGIE CLASSIFICATION • Bogies are classified based on • • No of axles • Type of axle drive • B — Two Axles mechanically coupled • Bo — Two Axles independently driven • Co — Three Axles independently driven • Wheel arrangement of loco is denoted as • B-B, Bo-Bo or Co-Co

35. Each Locomotive consists of Two Trucks. • Trucks are either Casted or Fabricated. • WDM2,WDM3A ,WDG4, & WDP4 Locomotives trucks • are casted type. • WDG3A,WDM3D, WDG4D & WDP4D Locomotive trucks are Fabricated type • Fabricated Bogie are of two types viz., • 1. With Equalizer • 2. Without Equalizer (HAHS) • HAHS : High Adhesion High Speed Bogie. • WDG4 & WDP4 Bogies are HTSC. • HTSC : High Tensile Steel Cast.

36. Bo Bo Bogies

37. WDM2 LOCO

38. CO-CO Bogie

39. Loco Compartment Control Comp. Driver Cabin Comp. Nose Comp. Generator Comp. Expresser/ Compressor Comp. Engine Comp. Radiator Compartment Under Truck Upper Truck

40. CO-CO Tri-mountBogie used on Following Locomotives Locomotive/Remark • WDM2 • Max speed 120 kmph,2600/2400 HP. • WDM3A • Max speed 120 kmph • WAM4 • Max speed 110kmph,3600 HP,

41. WDG2 LOCO

42. Co-Co CASTED BOGIE

43. Co Co Casted Bogie • Centre Pivot carries 30% of load • Two Side Bearers carry 10% of load each • 8 nos outer Helical Coil Springs with friction snubbers in 4 & inner coil springs in 4. • Axle journal boxes are mounted in pedestals. • The longitudinal & lateral clearances are maintained for the movement of axle boxes in pedestals. • Brakes are clasp type powered by four cylinders

44. WDG3A Co-Co FABRICATED BOGIE WITH EQUALISER ARRANGEMENT

45. WDG3A Fabricated Bogie with Equaliser Mechanism • It is a Quadra-mount Bogie. • Centre Pivot does not carry any vertical load & used for transfer of traction & braking forces. • Four Rubber Side Bearers , 60% of load supported on side bearers adjacent to centre pivot & 40% of load at remaining two side bearers. • Shims are provided below side bearers to distribute load in ratio of 60:40.

46. Co-Co FABRICATED BOGIE WITH EQUALISER ARRANGEMENT High Adhesion Bogie • WAG7 • Max speed 100 kmph, 5000 HP • WDG3A • Max speed 100kmph, 3100 HP • WDM3D • Max speed 120 kmph, 3300 HP

47. WDM3D

48. WDS6

49. WDG4 LOCO

50. WDP4 LOCO