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Application Concerns for Pasture Management

Application Concerns for Pasture Management. Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology. Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Changes in the Application Industry!. Historically inefficient process Increased cost of chemicals Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre)

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Application Concerns for Pasture Management

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  1. Application Concerns for Pasture Management Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology Biological and Agricultural Engineering

  2. Changes in the Application Industry! • Historically inefficient process • Increased cost of chemicals • Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) • More pest specific products (foliar) • Biotechnology and GMO’s – Roundup Ready, Bt’s • More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$ • Environmental impact (water and air) • Easy to measure! • Drift!!! • Variable rates • Site-specific

  3. Equipment cost today? How much do these machines cost? $150,000 - 200,000 + $ 1,300,000

  4. Equipment cost today? How much do these machines cost? $15,000 - 30,000 +

  5. Application Equipment Manual Sprayers • Compressed air • Knapsack Easy Spray Valve CF Valve Spray Management Valve

  6. Application Equipment Power Hydraulic Sprayer • Low-pressure • High pressure

  7. Invasive Species Control

  8. Nozzles are important because: • Control the amount – GPA. • Determine uniformity of application. • Affects the coverage. • Influences the drift potential.

  9. 1. Control the Amount applied: Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by: • Orifice size • Pressure • Solution characteristics Page 9 – TeeJet Guide

  10. Calibration!!!! Ensuring that the spray output is what it is supposed to be!

  11. Calculations #$!@&%! GPA= 5940

  12. Calibration/Nozzle Selection • What is the first step? • Use label to select the • application volume • product rate • Choose an appropriate travel speed • Effective width of application • nozzle spacing • Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle • Select the correct size of nozzle!

  13. Flow rate equation or (5940/12” = 495) Page 14 – TeeJet Guide

  14. Where: gallons per acre GPA = ______________________ GPM = ______________________ MPH = ______________________ SW = ______________________ gallons per minute miles per hour swath width - feet 5940 or 495 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles per hour, and feet to gallons per acre

  15. Measuring Ground Speed Ground Speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH) Where traveling 88 ft. in 60 seconds = 1 MPH Doubling the ground speed reduces the output by 1/2.

  16. Hand Sprayer Calibration Spraying to the point of runoff • product added to each gal. or 100 gal. • uniform coverage-dripping from leaves • time and gallons per tree/1000 sq. ft. “Dilute” Technique important!!

  17. Calibration Procedure Steps: • Mark off a calibration course of 1000 sq. ft. • Accurately measure the time required to spray the calibration course using a proper technique. Remember only record the amount of time the gun is actually spraying. • Measure the flow rate from the gun. Using the time recorded in step 2, spray into a calibrated container for that same length of time. • Amount in the container represents the application rate per 1000 sq. ft.

  18. Hand Spray Guns: cont. Example: It took 50 seconds for an applicator to spray the 1000 sq. ft. calibration course. The amount of spray collected from the gun in the 50 seconds was 1.4 gallons. • The application rate for this example is: • 1.4 gallons per 1000 sq. ft. • or • 61 gallons per acre (43.56 x 1.4)

  19. Nozzle Technology? How to use?? • Nozzles designed to reduce drift • Improved drop size control • Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’

  20. Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand: Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind

  21. NOZZLE TYPES: FLAT SPRAY • Extended Range Flat-Fan • Turbo Flat-Fan • Drift Reduction Flat-Fan • Turbo Flood • Off center Flat-Fan

  22. Others: Boomless • Handgun with disk & core or adjustable nozzle

  23. Nozzles Types?

  24. Is this tip good or bad?

  25. Extended Range Flat-fan: • Tapered edge pattern • 80 and 110 degree fan • Requires overlap - 50 to 60% • 15-60 psi range 80° 110°

  26. Nozzles Types?

  27. Turbo Flat-fan: • Turbulence chamber as in the Turbo Flood • Tapered edge, wide angle flat pattern • Designed to work in flat-fan nozzle holder • Uniform spray distribution, 50-60% overlap • Wide pressure range, 15 – 90 psi • Large, drift resistant droplets • Plastic with superior wear characteristics XR TT

  28. Nozzles Types?

  29. Air-Induction/Venturi Nozzles Where air is drawn into the nozzle cavity and exits with the fluid.

  30. Air/Induction – Venturi Nozzle: • Greenleaf – TurboDrop • Air intake venturi section • Mixing Chamber - air and spray solution blended • Pattern tip forms large air-bubble drops • Exit tip flow 2X venturi orifice • Better Penetration? • Reduced run-off? • Improved coverage? • Adequate efficacy? • Reduced drift?

  31. XR Flat-fan and Turbo Flat-fan compared to Venturi Style 5.0 MPH wind at 40 psi XR vs TurboDrop Turbo Flat vs Turbo Drop

  32. Off-Center Venturi Flat-fan

  33. Boom Buster

  34. Aerial Applications

  35. The CP STRAIGHT STREAM NOZZLE

  36. 2. Set up for Uniformity Goal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field. 20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.

  37. 3. Coverage: • Need knowledge of the product being used. • Systemic • Contact • What is the target? • Soil • Grass • Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy) • Leaf orientation – time of day

  38. Origin Of Standardized Spray Droplet Size Categories • 1985 -- British Crop Protection Council (BCPC) • Droplet size classifications, primarily designed to enhance efficacy. • Uses the term SPRAY QUALITY for droplet size categorie • 2000 -- ASAE Standard S572 • Droplet size classifications, primarily designed to control spray drift. • Uses the term DROPLET SPECTRA CLASSIFICATION for droplet size categories.

  39. 4. Will affect drift: • Movement of spray particles off-target. • Creating smaller spray drops will result in increased drift. • Is it Coverage vs Drift? • What is the answer? $64,000 Question?

  40. Why Interest in Drift? • Spotty pest control • Wasted chemicals • Off-target damage • More high value specialty crops • Urban sprawl and..... • Less tolerant neighbors • Litigious Society • More wind?? (Timing) • Environmental impact • Water and Air Quality • Public more aware of pesticide concerns! (Negative) (Perceptions) • Result-higher costs-$$$

  41. Technical Aspects of Spray Drift

  42. Definition of Drift Movement of spray particlesand vaporsoff-target causing less effective control and possible injury to susceptible vegetation, wildlife, and people. Adapted from National Coalition on Drift Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991

  43. Types of Drift Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization (gas, fumes) Particle Drift - movement of spray particles during or after the spray application

  44. Factors Affecting Drift • Equipment & Application • nozzle type • nozzle size • nozzle pressure • height of release Spray Characteristics • chemical • formulation • drop size • evaporation • Weather • air movement (direction and velocity) • temperature and humidity • air stability/inversions • topography

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