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2. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 12 Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses Lesson 12.3: Specific Defenses Lesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

3. Do Now: Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen. 1. drains left side of head 2. scan and clean blood 3. drains right side of head 4. palatine

4. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.2 Nonspecific Defenses (defense mechanisms that do NOT involve recognition of the precise identity of the pathogen)

5. SLO: Describe the role of the nonspecific defenses of the body. Essential Question: What are the nonspecific defenses of the body’s immune system?

6. Vocabulary Vocabulary: Alternative pathway Classical pathway Complement proteins Complement system Exocytosis Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Macrophages Lysosome Inflammation Neutrophils Interferons Mast cells Monocytes Neutrophils Opsonins Phagocytes Pyrogens

7. Nonspecific Defenses • physical barriers • cellular and chemical defenses • inflammatory response • fever

8. Physical Barriers • Skin • Epithelial (surface cells) • Stratified (layers) • Keratin • Hair • Chafing, sunburn, insects • Acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands • Sebum (oily substance-lubrication) • Mucous membranes • Sticky layers traps microorganisms • Respiratory/digestive/urinary tract

9. Checking for Understanding • What type of risks are associated with burns? • How is the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) related to the nonspecific defense mechanisms? • What happens when pathogens penetrate the physical defenses?

10. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Phagocytes • Natural Killer Cells • Complement system • Interferons

11. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Phagocytes • engulf foreign cells and debris • Neutrophils-most common white blood cell (leukocyte) • Macrophages (lymphocyte) • lysosome destroys destroys the target • exocytosis

12. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Natural killer cells (lymphocyte) • release perforins (proteins) to perforate cells • Virus infected cells/cancer cells

13. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Interferons • released by virus infected cells • Interfere with viral replication and spreading by hindering protein production • Help neighboring cell resist infection • alpha, beta, gamma interferons

14. Checking for Understanding • How can interferons help with the treatment of cancer?

15. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Complement system • Set of 11 proteins that circulate in the blood (produced by the liver) • Purpose is to destroy pathogens by • Creating a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) • Activating the inflammatory response • Opsinization • proteins that make cells more attractive to phagocytes

16. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Complement system • Activation can occur in 2 ways: • Classical pathway • Recognizes a target bound by an antibody • Cascade of complement protein activation • Alternative pathway • Recognizes foreign material • Opsins (proteins that make cells more attractive to phagocytes) • Both converge at protein C3 • C3 splits into C3b & C3a • C3b sticks to target cells opsonizingthem • Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) forms inside the bacterial cell membrane • C3a activates inflammatory response

17. The Complement System

18. Inflammatory Response • promotes repair of damaged tissue • Mast cells release histamines, prostaglandins, and other chemicals released • Prostaglandins regulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle • Histamines attract phagocytes/lymphocytes to area, produces increased vascular permeability, causing fluid to escape from capillaries into tissues, which leads to the classic symptoms of an allergic reaction — a runny nose and watery eyes. 

19. Inflammatory Response • symptoms • heat • redness • swelling • pain

20. The Development of Inflammation • tissue damage occurs • intracellular contents are released from damaged cells into interstitial fluid • mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals • blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, capillary permeability increases • clot formation occurs • scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow

21. Fever • maintenance of higher than normal body temperature • activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes release of pyrogens • Chemical that raise the set point temperature in hypothalamus • hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a fever

22. Exit Slip: Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells. 2. Pyrogens cause fever. 3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes. 4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier. 5. Perforins engulf cells. Homework: Read/Outline Section 12.2

23. Do Now: Match these words with 1–4 below: interferons, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells 1. Released by virus infected cells 2. Release histamine 3. Release pyrogens 4. Most common WBC that phagocytizes its targets

24. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.3 Specific Defenses

25. SLO: Describe the role of the specific defenses of the body. Essential Question: What are the specific defenses of the body’s immune system and how do they function?

26. Vocabulary Antigens Humoral immunity Cellular immunity MCH glycoproteins (MCH’s) Plasma cells Immunoglobulin primary immune response secondary immune response active immunity passive immunity Antigen-presenting cells (APC’s) Apoptosis Clonal selection Memory cells Precipitation

27. Specific Defenses • antigens • immune system cells • humoral immunity • primary and secondary immune responses • cellular immunity

28. Antigens • on the surface of cells • proteins • polysaccharides • glycolipids • nucleic acids • determine “self” from “nonself” cells

29. Immune System Cells • lymphocytes • recognize only one antigen • clonal selection • memory cells • MHC proteins • class I • class II

30. Humoral Immunity • antibody-mediated immunity • plasma cells • antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen • antibodies • also called immunoglobulins • recognize, bind to, and mark antigens • interfere with antigen function

31. Antibody Classes

32. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses • primary immune response • when first exposed • secondary immune response • memory cells respond to invader • active immunity • passive immunity • vaccination

33. Cellular Immunity

34. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, or vaccination. 1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity. 2. _______________ are also called immunoglobulins. 3. Lymphocytes recognize only one _______________. 4. _______________ are part of the secondary immune response.

35. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.4 Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

36. Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System • cancer and lymph nodes • allergies • autoimmune disorders • HIV and AIDS

37. Cancer and Lymph Nodes • rapid, unregulated cell growth • metastasis • cancerous cells move within body • cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes

38. Allergies • inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen • exposure to allergen causes release of histamine • histamine causes allergy symptoms • runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis • anaphylaxis • immunotherapy

39. Allergies

40. Autoimmune Disorders • immune system attacks own body • cause unclear • examples • rheumatoid arthritis • multiple sclerosis • type I diabetes

41. HIV and AIDS • HIV • infects and kills helper T cells • AIDS • helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3 • immune system seriously weakened • patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection

42. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis, autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer. 1. rapid, unregulated cell growth 2. cancerous cells move within the body 3. rheumatoid arthritis 4. infects and kills T cells