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Chapter 11 Pushing Export 推动出口

Chapter 11 Pushing Export 推动出口. 11.1 Introduction Chapter Objective To examine major export-promoting practices and countermeasures by the importing countries, as well as their effects. Contents. Dumping Antidumping Measures Export Subsidies Countervailing Duties

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Chapter 11 Pushing Export 推动出口

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  1. Chapter 11 Pushing Export 推动出口

  2. 11.1 Introduction • Chapter Objective • To examine major export-promoting practices and countermeasures by the importing countries, as well as their effects.

  3. Contents • Dumping • Antidumping Measures • Export Subsidies • Countervailing Duties • Strategic Export Subsidies

  4. 11.2 Dumping倾 销 • Definitions • GATT/WTO : Export Price below Normal Value • Export price below domestic price • Export price below production cost

  5. Categories of Dumping • Persistent Dumping持续性倾销 • International Price discrimination

  6. Conditions for success of international price discrimination • The exporting producer has less monopoly power in the foreign market than it has in its home market. • Certain barriers prevent buyers in the home country from buying the product abroad and importing it cheaply.

  7. International Price Discrimination (a)Home Market (b)Export Market PY PY Less elastic PH PE MCH MCE DH DE MRH MRE O YH Y O YE Y

  8. Predatory Dumping • 掠夺性倾销 • Harmful to the importing country • Hard to practice • Financial status • Re-entry of competitors

  9. Cyclical Dumping • 周期性倾销

  10. Seasonal Dumping • 季节性倾销 • Sporadic Dumping • 偶发性倾销

  11. 11.3 Antidumping Policies • What kind of dumping should subject to antidumping actions?

  12. GATT/WTO Antidumping Rules • Dumping • Material injury • Causal link

  13. 1995-2008 Major Antidumping Users

  14. 1995-2008 WTO Antidumping Statistics

  15. Effects of Antidumping on importing country • Effect on domestic industry • Effect on users and consumers • Net Effect on the importing country

  16. Thomas J. Prusa(1999) 美国反倾销案件 1980-1994： • 平均反倾销税 40% • 20%的案件反倾销税率超过50% • 10%的案件反倾销税率超过100% • 涉案行业平均最惠国关税4%

  17. Thomas J. Prusa(1999) 美国反倾销案件 1980-1994： • 进口数量平均下降 70% • 进口值平均下降 30-50% • 进口产品价格平均上升30%

  18. James M. DeVault (1996) 美国新反倾销案件 1987-1992（30项）： • 每年消费者损失 5 - 8 亿美元 • 国内厂商每增收1美元，消费者损失 3.2美元

  19. 美国国际贸易委员会USITC (1995) 美国实施的反倾销、反补贴措施1991年给美国造成的整体福利损失为15.9亿美元，相当于美国当年GDP的0.03%。

  20. Gallaway, Blonigen & Flynn (1999) 美国实施的反倾销、反补贴措施1993年给美国造成的整体福利损失最高可达39.5亿美元，福利成本仅次于多种纤维协定（MFA）。

  21. Proposals for reform • limit antidumping to predatory dumping • Introduce public interest test • Replace antidumping with safeguard measures.

  22. 11.4 Export Subsidies • Forms of export subsidies • Direct subsidies • Indirect subsidies

  23. Effects of export subsidies on the exporting country • Exportable product, small country

  24. Consumer surplus: - (e+f ) • Producer surplus: + (e+f+g) • Subsidies: f+g+h • Net losses: f+h

  25. Effects of export subsidies on the exporting country • Exportable product, large country

  26. Effects of Subsidies(Large country) P Sd • Consumer surplus: • -(e+f) • Producer surplus: • +(e+f+g) • Subsidies: • Shaded Area • + g • Net Losses: • Shaded Area p1 e g f h p0 i j k l m p2 Dd O Y3 Y1 Y0 Y2 Y

  27. Switching an importable into an exportable product (Small Country) PY • Consumer surplus: • -ABJE • Producer surplus: • +ACFE • Subsidies: • BCHG • Net Losses: • BJG+CHF Sd A B C P1 F J World Price P0 E G H Dd O Y3 Y1 Y0 Y2 Y

  28. 11.5 Countervailing Duties 反补贴税 • WTO rules on subsidies and countervailing duties • Subsidies • Prohibited subsidies 禁止性补贴 • Actionable subsidies 可诉补贴 • Non-actionable subsidies 不可诉补贴 (valid until end of 1999)

  29. WTO rules on subsidies and countervailing duties • Countervailing duties • Subsidies • Industry Injuries • Causation

  30. Should the importing country impose countervailing duties? • Effects of foreign subsidies on the importing country

  31. Suppose the exporting country is a large country, and export price falls by the full amount of subsidy. • Consumer surplus: • +(v+w+y+z) • Producer surplus: • - v • Net gains: • w+y+z

  32. Effects of Countervailing duties on the importing country and the whole world

  33. In comparison with the situation with subsidies and no CVD : • Consumer surplus: • -(v+w+y+z) • Producer surplus: • + v • Government revenue: • + y • Net losses: • w+z

  34. Compared to the situation with free trade : • Net gains: Government revenue: • + y • (Paid by the exporting country government)

  35. Effects of CVD on the whole world: • Return to free trade price and volume. • Eliminate deadweight loss of excessive trade (x).

  36. 11.6 Strategic Export Subsidies战略性出口补贴 Strategic Trade Policy 战略性贸易政策 In a oligopolistic market, the government may help its own firm win the strategic game.

  37. The case of Airbus and Boeing

  38. Problems with Strategic Trade Policy • What if another national government also offers strategic assistance to its own firm ?

  39. Problems with Strategic Trade Policy • Abuse by special-interest groups

  40. Summary • Dumping • Antidumping Measures • Export Subsidies • Countervailing Duties • Strategic Export Subsidies

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