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Import / Export

Import / Export. Aim of learning: In this unit, learners are expected to : --learn the business terms and expressions concerning international trade ; --the business concepts concerning import and export business ;

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Import / Export

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  1. Import / Export

  2. Aim of learning: In this unit, learners are expected to : --learn the business terms and expressions concerning international trade ; --the business concepts concerning import and export business ; -- understand how to make and fill out documents and forms concerning international trade. Time required: 6 hours

  3. Key Vocabulary International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries.Depending on what a country produces and needs, it canexport (send goods to another country) andimport (bring in goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures aretariffs (关税）(orduties) andquotas（配额）. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures areprotectionist（贸易保护主义者）as they raise the price of imported goods to 'protect' domestically produced goods. International organisations such as theWTO (World Trade Organisation) andEFTA(European Free Trade Association欧洲自由贸易联盟 ) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

  4. Concept: trade protectionism 指在对外贸易中实行限制进口以保护本国商品在国内市场免受外国商品竞争，并向本国商品提供各种优惠以增强其国际竞争力的主张和政策。 在限制进口方面，主要是采取关税壁垒和非关税壁垒两种措施。 前者主要是通过征收高额进口关税阻止外国商品的大量进口； 后者则包括采取进口许可证制、进口配额制等一系列非关税措施来限制外国商品自由进口。 这些措施也是经济不发达国家保护民族工业、发展国民经济的一项重要手段。对发达国家来说则是调整国际收支、纠正贸易逆差的一个重要工具。

  5. Quota 配额是指一国政府在一定时期内对某些敏感商品的进口或出口进行数量或金额上的控制，其目的旨在调整国际收支和保护国内工农业生产，是非关税壁垒措施之一。 配额可分为进口配额和出口配额两大类。 进口配额，是指进口国对某些产品的进口价格或数量设定的限制，其目的是保护国内生产商免受低价格进口产品的影响。进口配额按照管理方式可分绝对配额和关税配额。 出口配额，是指出口国对某些产品出口施加的数量限制，其目的是保护国内生产者和消费者免受这些产品临时短缺的影响，或者通过减少特定产品的供应量来提高其国际市场价格。 绝对配额是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高进口数量或金额。一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。绝对配额又分两种形式.。

  6. Ways of Dealing in Export Import Trade In our country import and export transactions may be carried on in various ways and forms according to the international trade requirements. 1. Trade may be carried on according to Trade Agreement, Trade and Payment Agreement, Exchange of Goods and Payment Agreement etc. signed between the governments concerned. This is chiefly the case with countries such as DPRK（朝鲜）, USSR（前苏联）, Romania（罗马尼亚） and other East European countries. （政府间贸易/采购） 2. The export and import of goods may be made according to the terms of the contract of sale made between the parties concerned (直接贸易）

  7. 3. Barter Trade. （以货易货贸易） All imports are to be made against a corresponding(--equal) value of exports. This mode of export trade was widely used during the early days after liberation to break the blockade (封锁）imposed against our country. 4. Compensation trade. (补偿贸易） Payments of imports (chiefly machinery and equipment for a factory) are to be made by products of the particular factory during certain years of its production according to agreement. 5. Processing trade. （来料加工贸易） Imports of raw materials, packing materials are to be re-exported after processing or manufacturing.

  8. 6. Consignment trade 寄售 Goods are exported by an exporter (the consignor发货人) to an importer abroad (the consignee 收货人and, payment is made by the importer only after the goods have been sold . A certain percentage of commission for the importer and other agreed expenses are deducted（扣除）from the sale proceeds（销售收入）according to the agreement. ) This kind of trade is chiefly used to start exports of goods of new designs, new production or invention, new brands etc. 7. Exclusive sales agreement. （包销） The exporter may conclude an exclusive sales agreement with an importer abroad. He may also establish his own branch office and employ his own sales organization abroad. He may act through a subsidiary company there which is created under the laws of the foreign country in question. Or, he may combine with other traders in a joint selling organization (or joint venture), a consortium（联盟）or an export group.

  9. 8 Agency arrangements. (代理） The peculiar feature of this L/C form of exporting is that (the exporter enters into direct relations with the customers abroad, by means of a contract procured（got/获得）and concluded(签订)on behalf of the exporter by a representative who resides (--live) abroad and is not his employee.) Theremuneration(薪酬） of the representative or independent agent is usually based upon a commission on the purchase price of the exports. 9. Export and/or import trade may be possible through tender （投标）(or bid), auction （拍卖）land (达成）commodity exchange transactions or at international fairs.

  10. Lead in 1 Listen to an economist from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD－经合组织) explaining why countries trade, and answer the questions. 1 What does the speaker compare countries to? 2 What activity does he give as an example? 3 Why does it make sense for countries to trade? 2 Look at this history of the European Union on page 86. Have any other countries joined?

  11. 3. In pairs, do the quiz on page 87. Keys 1 France (549,000 square km) 2 Germany (81.14 million inhabitants) 3 Ireland (15. Ph p.a.) 4 Netherlands (forecasts are W inhabitants per square km tor 2020) 5 Germany (approximately 1 7,5% of France's total exports goes to Germany) 6 Germany (approximately 10.2% of Sweden's exports goes to Germany) 7 a) United Kingdom b) France c) Germany d) Spain

  12. 8 a) Most: France (more than 1,5 million tonnes) Least; Luxembourg b) Most: United Kingdom (approx. 40 kg per head p.a.) Least: Spain c) Most: Italy (approx. 58.5 litres per head p.a.) Least: Ireland d) Most: Greece (7.70 smoked per head per day) Least: Netherlands 9 France 10 Finland (76% of land is covered in forest) 11 Germany (approx. 7,000 magazines) Stem, Der Spiegei 12 Finland ' 13 Netherlands (36 1/2, days per year, compared to 22 in Portugal and Greece) 14 Netherlands: Royal Dutch Petroleum

  13. Reading Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option(选择）is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents（独家代理）or multi-distributors（多家经销商）, who have a specialist knowledge(专业知识）of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch（本地分公司）or sales office（销售办事处）. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use patents（专利）and licences（许可证）for their products. They may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary (本地子公司）or a joint venture（合资企业）with a local partner. 1. Read the text on page 89 about BARCO, a Belgian electronics firm. Which of the methods mentioned above did BARCO use to establish itself on the Indian market?

  14. Vocabulary ( Text) long-term market opportunities－长期市场机会 digital projector －数码投影机 assemble on the spot－现场组装 shift in strategic focus －战略目标的转移 emergence－The act or process of emerging.浮现，出现： high value niche market－高利润空间的细分市场 specialist display system－专业展示系统 kits for video monitors－视频监视器成套设备 television station－电视台 local agent－本地代理 sales and services office －销售与服务办事处 assembly plant－组装工厂 component factory－零部件（生产）工厂

  15. exploit potential－开发潜能、潜在的市场 obstacles—difficulty 障碍 bureaucracy －－官僚 import duty－进口关税 tax barrier－税收壁垒 normal working tool－常用的办公工具 paperwork－－Work involving the handling of reports, letters, and forms.涉及处理报告、信函和表格的文书工作（此处指申请审批手续） cultural hurdle－文化障碍 deceptive－Deceptive or tending to deceive.骗人的 complexity－The quality or condition of being complex.复杂 sensitivity－The quality or condition of being sensitive.敏感 strata of society－社会阶层 （stratum的复数） subcontinent－A large landmass, such as India, that is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity.次大陆 outweigh－To be more significant than; exceed in value or importance:胜过，超过 The benefits outweigh the risks.

  16. 2 Read the text again and list the advantages and disadvantages of exporting to India. vast –big dominance –big advantage 优势 economy car sector－经济型轿车市场 upper-range car－较高档的汽车 opt for －－choose argue –claim 宣称 ban －－forbid 禁止 grant license －－授予许可证 Vocabulary 1 Find words in the text which have a similar meaning to the words and expressions listed below. KEYS: 2 assembled 3 a shift 4 niche market 5 exploit 6 obstacles 7 . Bureaucracy 8 delays

  17. 2 Complete the following passage, which describes the experience of the French car manufacturer Peugeot in the Indian market, with words from key vocabulary, Reading and Vocabulary 1, in the correct form on page 90. KEY: 2 assemble 3 niche market 4 delays 5 tariffs 6 obstacles 7 licences Vocabulary development: compound adjectives 1 Complete the phrases on page 90 , using words from A and B. There is sometimes more than one correct answer, and some words may be used more than once. KEY: b old-fashioned typewriter c short-term opportunities d low-budget advertising e well-known personality f high-level decision-making g user-friendly software h well-trained staff

  18. Listening : The Invoice The Invoice invoice －发票 metropolitan －大城市的 boulevard －－大道 lane －小巷 tennis racket －－网球拍 Ex-works price－－工程交货价 freight charges －－运费 warehouse －－货舱 insurance from warehouse to warehouse 仓至仓保险 C.I. F －cost, insurance and freight 成本、保险加运费价 cardboard －纸板 carton－硬纸箱、盒 import/export license －－进出口许可证 (shipping ) marks—嘜头 per pro－由代表，经代理人(per procurationem) total amount payable－应付总金额

  19. Keys 2. 699 3. 160 4. 120 5. 40 6 14,ooo pounds 7. 500 pounds 8 90pounds 9. 14,590 pounds 10 .16 11. 10 12.BRX 43 1999

  20. 1Tapescritpt By looking at the invoice number 699, you will notice that on the 7th May 1999, the Metropolitan Tennis Equipment Company of Los Angeles shipped a total of 160 tennis rackets to Champion Sport Ltd. in London. The shipment included 120 of the GX12 model priced at £78 and 40 of the 'Tennis Pro' model at £116, for a total of £14,000. The cost of freight was £500 and the insurance from warehouse to warehouse was £90. Hence, the total amount to be paid by the UK importer was £14,590. The rackets were packed in 16 cardboard cartons, 10 per carton, on which the words MET CS LTD. LONDON 1-16 were written. The import licence number was BRX 43 1999. The invoice was signed by an official of the exporting company, Mr Robert Morales.

  21. Reading: The bill of Lading bill of lading －提单 简称B/L，在对外贸易中，运输部门承运货物时签发给发货人的一种凭证。收货人凭提单向货运目的地的运输部门提货，提单须经承运人或船方签字后始能生效。是海运货物向海关报关的有效单证之一。 提单的功能提单具有以下三项主要功能：提单是证明承运人已接管货物和货物已装船的货物收据对于将货物交给承运人运输的托运人，提单具有货物收据的功能。 edition－－版本 consignee －－收货人、收件人 notify address－－通知地址 charter parties－租船合同、契约 telefax －电传 vessel －ship 船舶 port of discharge/unloading －卸货港 shipper －－托运人、发货人 （carrier 承运人） porcelain items－瓷器产品 Christmas decorations－圣诞节装饰品 rice cooker－饭煲 as per－according to 按照 freight －－1）运费 2）-goods 货物 3)货运 freight advance －预付运费

  22. received on account of –从…帐户收取 time used for loading －装货时间 in apparent good order and condition（货物）表明状况良好 load …on board －－装（货）上船 thereto(=to there) －其中， 那中间/ hereto(= to here)附次、此中 （ thereof = of there , hereof = of here ) get the goods specified above－获得以上指定、规定的货物 measure －尺寸、体积 contents－包装物内的货物 IN WITNESS whereof －特此证明 the Master －船长 the Agent of the said vessel －以上所提到船舶的代理人 tenor and date －进程与日期 be accomplished – be used to take goods 被用以提货 void －invalid 无效 overleaf －on the back of 在背面、见次页 conditions of carriage－－货运条件 place and date of issue －签发地点与时间 freight payable –应收运费

  23. Reading : keys 2-5 G B F C 6—7 H E A D Language focus: The Future The future 1.F 2.c 3.e 4.a 5.b 6.d Language focus: Practice ----- Keys: 1. will get 2.am going to leave 3. will have 4. are going to need 5.are going to visit 6.will be

  24. Describing trends considerable change—big change striking change —obvious/significant change Keys : a. slightly b. gradually c. steadily d. sharply e. dramatically f. suddenly

  25. Describing Treads: Practice 1 ( p.94) Keys steadily sharply/ suddenly/ dramatically Slightly Gradual Sudden/sharp/dramatic slight Describing Treads: Practice 2—keys (p.95) b. to level off: in April and September c. to remain stable: throughout September and October d. to reach peak: at the end of January e. to stand at: at the end of the year

  26. Describing Treads: Practice 3—keys (p.95) c: Sales fluctuate from May to September. b. Sales remained stable from September to November. a. Sales stood at 10,00 in December. d. Sales leveled off at about 8,000 in April. Skill Focus Writing There was a rise or an increase of 3% in the unemployment rate between 1998 and 2000. The number of shares traded on the stock market rose / increased by 15 million between November and December 2001. The number of people employed in the UK shipbuilding industry decreased / fell from 25,000 to 8,000 1982 and 1987.

  27. Listening Keys 1. stood at 2. a sharp increase 3.reached 4. a sharp decrease 5. dropped 6. a slight rise 7. fell 8. a dramatic rise 9. reached a peak 10. falling

  28. Listening 1—tapescript ( p96) In 1 987 the export figures stood at 400 million Finnish markkaa. There was a sharp increase betweeni 987 and 1989 when figures reached over 800 million. This was followed by a sharp decrease between 1989 and 1990 when Finnish paper exports to japan dropped to 400 million. There was a slight rise between 1990 and 1991 when exports hit the 450 million mark but they fell again to 400 million in 1992. Between 1992 and 1995 there was a dramatic rise and exports of paper to japan reached a peak of 1,300 million in 1995, before falling again to under 1,000 million in 1997.

  29. TAPESCRIPT: Graph 1—WoodWe can see on this graph that wood exports remained stable between 1990 and 1992 at around 50 million Finnish markkaa. Between 1992 and 1994 there was a sharp increase to 500 million where exports levelled off until 1996, then they increased dramatically again and reached a peak of 850 million by 1997. Graph 2—Machinery On this second graph we see that machinery exports declined gradually between 1990 and 1992. Between 1992 and 1995. however, exports of machinery rose continually. In 1993 they were at 400 million and in 1994 they had risen to 550 million. They reached a peak of 700 million in 1995. After that, figures fell slightly to around 650 million in 1996 and levelled off at that number until

  30. Graph 3—Chemicals On this third graph we notice that exports of chemicals remained stable from 1990 to 1992 at 100 million Finnish markkaa. From 1992 to 1993 there was a slight increase to 150 million. After that, exports of chemicals continued to rise steadily from 1993 to 1997. In 1995 they had reached 210 million, and in 1996, they reached a peak of 250 million and stood at this level in 1997.

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