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Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of blood cells and bodily functions designed to fight off pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and environmental factors like pollen. This system is crucial for maintaining health and involves various components, such as white blood cells, which include B and T cells. The immune response can be specific or non-specific, with antibodies marking invaders for destruction. Immunization helps build memory against diseases, while allergies represent an overreaction to harmless substances. Understanding these mechanisms is vital in addressing immune diseases like leukemia, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and ALS.

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Immune System

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  1. Immune System Fighting off disease

  2. Immune system • System of blood cells and bodily functions designed to allow you to fight pathogens • Pathogen- anything capable of causing disease within your body • May be: • Virus • Bacteria • Environmental factor (pollen, etc.) • Chemical

  3. Parts of system • Skin • Bone marrow • White blood cells • Lymph (will cover later this week)

  4. The vocabulary • Antigen- A marker on the surface of a cell • Antibody- A marker placed something to mark it for destruction by white blood cells

  5. Non-specific response • Swelling • Allows more blood to reach an area, bringing ability to heal faster • Fever • Higher temperature allows faster WBC production • Temperature is above the optimum operating temperature for the enzymes of many pathogens

  6. Specific response • B/T cell response • Generally targeted at one specific disease • Ex- once memory B cells produced for a virus, you cannot get that virus again because those B cells will remember the antigens on that virus

  7. Reacting to different pathogens • How it works • Once pathogen is killed, a piece of it is brought to site of T-Cells (called presentation). • T cells remember shape, and stimulate killer T and B cell formation

  8. Types of white blood cell • B vs. T white blood cells • T cells • Helper T cells- when a pathogen killed, brought to area where helper T recognizes disease and begins to divide. • Cell makes proteins that stimulate other immune cells to divide • Killer T-Cells- Searches for pieces of receptor on potentially infected cells and kills those cells • B cells- highly specific! Only search for cells that match their receptors • Plasma b-cells- search for matching antigens • Memory B-cells- made later, remember invader

  9. immunizations • Inject pieces of virus into body • Pieces remembered by blood cells, so if any pathogen with that piece enters body, it will be killed • **Cannot get the flu from the flu shot!!! • Once immunized, you are immune to that disease • Nasal spray given with live virus- cannot get nasal spray if you are sick

  10. Immunization vs. booster • Compared to tetanus, which you have to get every 5-10 years… • Tetanus is bacteria • Cannot be immune to bacteria, because only a few shapes of bacteria • Bacteria Clostridium tetani produces toxin that causes muscles to become rigid • Tetanus shot makes your body know to fight that toxin.

  11. allergies • Your body’s set reaction to a stimulus from the environment • Immune system has decided that something is bad when it really is not to most people • Allergy shots- shots of allergen (in small, controlled amounts) make body “used to” allergen so it will not mount the same response • Antihistamines- a histamine reaction stimulates the runny nose and watery eyes reaction from many allergies. Antihistamines repress this reaction, making your reaction less… miserable.

  12. Immune Diseases • Leukemia • HIV/AIDS • Multiple Sclerosis • ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)

  13. Leukemia • Cancer of the white blood cells • White blood cells are stuck in mitosis phase of preproduction, so they are unable to move to the stage where they protect you • Treated by- • Chemotherapy- kills off cancerous cells • Bone marrow transplant- gives patient healthy bone marrow to make new white blood cells

  14. HIV/AIDS • Virus attacks white blood cells • Kills white blood cells • Leukemia vs. HIV/AIDS • Both suppress immune system • Leukemia- too many wbc, none can work • HIV/AIDS- too few wbc

  15. Multiple Sclerosis • Autoimmune disease • Your own immune system attacks parts of your body • MS is when your immune system attacks the covering of the nerve cell, making it more difficult for that cell to send a signal somewhere in your body

  16. ALS • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis OR Lou Gehrig’s Disease • Rapid attack of motor neurons ONLY (compared to MS attacking all nerves), causes muscles to stop receiving signals • Results in muscle rigidity and muscle dystonia • Usually results in death in less than 5 years.

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