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Energy Management Opportunities with Energy Efficient Lighting

Energy Management Opportunities with Energy Efficient Lighting. Your panelists. Benefits, Technologies & Services: Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, Energy Engineers. (4.89) 30.4%. Lighting webinar benefits. Bottom line cost savings today! Comfortable speaking with customers

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Energy Management Opportunities with Energy Efficient Lighting

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  1. Energy Management Opportunitieswith Energy Efficient Lighting

  2. Your panelists • Benefits, Technologies & Services:Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, Energy Engineers

  3. (4.89) 30.4% Lighting webinar benefits • Bottom line cost savings today! • Comfortable speaking with customers • Knowledge of terms and pros/cons • Awareness of energy efficiency opportunities Large Office Building

  4. Contents Energy Basics Fundamentals of Light Lighting Technologies Lighting Controls Lighting Maintenance Business Solutions Toolkit Incentives/Rebates

  5. Energy basics • Power versus Energy • Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of power, like the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled. • A bigger engine is required to travel at a faster rate. • Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy consumption, like the odometer on your car (miles). • Energy cost = power (kW) x time (hrs) x price = kWh x $/kWh • A 113-watt four lamp light fixture costs about $66 annually when operating 16 hr/day (113 W x 5,840 hrx $0.10/kWh ÷ 1,000 W/kW). Source: stock.xchng Source: Commonwealth of Kentucky

  6. Energy basics • Lights do not consume more energy when they are first turned on. • Includes high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting. • Pay the price for improved energy efficiency! • The operating cost over the lifetime of a light fixture can far exceed the original purchase price.

  7. Fundamentals of light • Lumens—A measure of the perceived power of light. • Constant output regardless of distance from source. • Foot-candle—One lumen of light distributed over a square foot area. • Depends on the distance from the light source. • Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps. • Can be measured using light meter.

  8. Lighting comparison • Lighting has many metrics. • 60-watt incandescent ~ 850 lumens (100 CRI) ~ 14 lpw efficacy • 32-watt T8 fluorescent ~ 2,800 lumens (83 CRI) ~ 88 lpw • 400-watt metal halide ~ 24,000 lumens (65 CRI) ~ 60 lpw • 400-watt high-pressure sodium ~ 45,000 lumens (22 CRI) ~ 112 lpw

  9. Incandescent / halogen • 90% heat and 10% light (10 to 17 lumens per watt) • Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 establishes higher minimum efficiency standards for incandescent reflector lamps (R lamps). • Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR#) lamps • BR# (Bulged) and ER# (Ellipsoidal) • # —the diameter of the widest part of the lamp in eighths of an inch (R20 = 20/8 = 2.5" diameter) • EISA applies to > 2.25 " diameter

  10. Incandescent / halogen • Flood lights • Beam angle encompasses that part of the beam that varies from peak |brightness down to 50% of that intensity as measured in a plane through the nominal beam centerline. • New halogen bulbs offer up to 30% energy savings, instant on, no mercury, 100 CRI, and compliance with EISA 2007. • Philips Halogena® Energy Saver/Energy Advantage (3,000 hrs) • Sylvania Halogen SuperSaver® (1,000 hrs) • GE Edison™ (2,500 hrs) Source: Philips Lighting

  11. Fluorescent • Historical timeline • 1838—Michael Faraday’s glow tubes • 1850s—Glass-blower Heinrich Geissler • 1880s—Alexandre E. Becquerel coated tubes • 1893—Nikola Tesla induction tubes • 1896—Thomas Edison patented x-ray lamp • 1890s—Daniel McFarlane Moore • 1901—Peter Cooper Hewitt mercury vapor lamp • 1927—Edmund Germer patent • 1936—GE’s George E. Inman patent • 1938—First commercial fluorescent tubes

  12. Fluorescent • Nomenclature (FxxT#) • F—fluorescent • Fxx—wattage (rapid start) or length (instant start) • T- tubular; U—curved/bent • Circline—circle • T#—diameter in eighths of an inch • Ballast Factor (BF)—ratio of output compared to reference ballast (not energy efficiency measure) • Affects both watts and lumens • Ranges from 0.6 to 1.3 • Fluorescent light emission is a chain reaction.

  13. Fluorescent • T8 Types (Generations)

  14. Fluorescent • Super T8 lamps, with high-efficiency ballasts, are high-lumen (>3000 versus 2,850 standard) and extended life (>24,000 versus 20,000 hours standard) products. • Only saves energy when combined with a lower ballast factor ballast. • T5 series (good for indirect lighting like suspended lighting).

  15. Fluorescent Source: RPI Lighting Research Center • T8 versus T5 • T5s (smaller diameter and shorter) not interchangeable with T8s. • Six F32T8s equivalent to four F54T5HO. • T5s have lower mercury content than T8s. • T5 lumen maintenance better at higher ambient temperatures but worse in cold. • HolophaneIntelliBay™ & IntelliVue™ • Lithonia I-BEAM™ System

  16. Fluorescent • Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent lamps (up to 30% savings). • Start modes • Programmed start (in series) • Long preheat shuts down after start (up to 50,000 cycles). • Can be wired in parallel • Rapid start (in series) • Simultaneous preheat stays on all the time (15,000 to 20,000 cycles). • Identified by 2-wires from ballast to each end of lamp. • Instant start (in parallel) • No-preheat; high-voltage start (10,000 to 15,000 cycles). • Identified by 1-wire from ballast to each end of lamp. • Not good with occupancy sensors (<30 minute burn).

  17. Fluorescent • Fluorescent ballasts • Magnetic (60 Hz) • Core and coil • Electronic (20 to 60 kHz) • 10% to 15% more efficient • NEMA Premium® Ballasts even better • All ballasts consume power even without lamps (2-lamp example). • Electronic consumes 6 to 12 watts loaded and 3 to 7 watts open circuit. • Magnetic consumes 18 to 20 watts loaded and 6 to 10 watts open circuit. • Regulatory driver for electronic ballasts (T8 and T5 lamps) • No magnetic ballasts manufactured for replacement after June 2010. • 2009 DOE Energy Regulations—Beginning July 14, 2012, these regulations effectively eliminate most 4-ft T12, 8-ft (F96) T12 lamps, and 700 series (1st generation) T8 lamps

  18. Fluorescent • Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for High-bay • Probe start (PS) MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%) is best target for replacement. • EISA2007 imparts higher performance standards for PS MH. • The lumen maintenance of metal halides can decrease to 45% during its lifetime, whereas fluorescents maintain 90% to 95% in optimal conditions. • Comparison • One PS MH with 20,000 EOL lumens at 320 system watts • Six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts • Remember—lumen output of fluorescents declines with heat/cold.

  19. Fluorescent Source: NREL • Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) • You get the same or more light output (lumens) with a 75% energy reduction and over six times the rated life! • Up to 9,000 lumen output at 120 watts (PL-H high 4-pin) • Energy savings far outweigh difference in lamp price. • Power factor is typically 0.6, but power savings far outweighs low power factor. • Issue of mercury content can be addressed. • Use reflector flood CFLs (R-CFLs) in recessed can lights. • Consider aluminum reflector CFL PAR lamps. • Globes • Candelabra

  20. Fluorescent • Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) • Twister • Single, double (T), triple (TR), quadruple (Q) twin-tube (turns) • Integral ballast screw-in • Modular external ballast pin-based • Gxx where xx is pin center-to-center dimension (G23 has 23mm dimension) • G23q where “q” means quad-pin base • G23d-x where “d-x” means the number of tubes (turns) • 2-pin with integral starter requires magnetic preheat ballast • 4-pin (quad) with external starter usually electronic ballast

  21. Fluorescent Source: Osram Endura/Sylvania IcetronTM Electrodeless Lamp • Induction (electrodeless) lighting • High-frequency magnetron microwave power generator, magnetic field coupling device (antenna), and phosphor coated tube. • Up to 100,000 hour rated lamp life • Lumen maintenance 70% at 60,000 hours • Efficacy of 70 to 75 lumens per watt • Best applications have high labor cost. • Parking garages • Cold-storage rooms • Inaccessible roadway tunnels and underpasses • Illumination of roadway signs and inaccessible advertisement boards • Lighting over stairs or escalator wells • Open mall atriums or ceilings in "big box" retail areas • Pole-mounted luminaires for dusk-to-dawn illumination on a campus • Industry, petrochemical, and offshore applications

  22. High Intensity Discharge • Low Pressure Sodium • Most energy efficient lighting source • Not an arc source, so no glare • 0 to 20 CRI • High Pressure Sodium • Arc source with (20 to 65 CRI) • 310 W and 360 W replacements exist for 400 W • Electronic ballasts 5 to 20 W versus 50 to 70 W magnetic

  23. High Intensity Discharge • Metal Halide • Arc source with 60 to 95 CRI • Quartz or ceramic transparent tubes • Ceramic (polycrystalline alumina—PCA) offers better lumen maintenance, color rendering (95 versus 65 CRI), and color stability. • Can operate on HPS ballasts (direct lamp replacement). • Smaller Size <150W HID Ballasts • Generally 50% smaller in size (3" x 1.3" x 1.1") and lighter weight than standard magnetic ballasts • Self-ballasted PAR30LN and PAR38 (1,200 initial lumens) CMH lampsreplace 74W and 120W halogen bulbs Source: Osram-Sylvania

  24. High Intensity Discharge • Sustained arc vs. fluorescent phosphor emission • Strike time (minutes) *Ballasts banned by EPAct2005 **Position dependent

  25. High Intensity Discharge Source: Luxim • Radio Frequency Lighting • LuximLiFi™ or Light Emitting Plasma™ (LEP) • An ac/dc converter generates an RF signal that is transmitted by a special cable to a quartz lamp embedded in a dielectric material. • Pemco Lighting Products STA-41-01 luminaire • 273 system watts • 23,000 initial lumens • 5,500K CCT/80 CRI • 50,000 hour rated life • Dimmable to 20%

  26. Solid state lighting • Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) • Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast. • Relatively low lumens per watt (30 to 35 lpw) historically, but now 45 to 60 lpw. • Long life; years, not hours. • 70% lumen maintenance at 50,000 hours of operation. • Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents. • Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy. • Very compact and low-profile. • Nothing to “break.” • No abrupt failure mode. Source: NIST

  27. Solid state lighting • Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) • Instant on (no warm-up time required). • Does generate harmonics, but no reported problems. • Some built-in surge and noise protection. • Expensive initial cost. • Heat sensitive. • Exit Signs • Annual operating costs of $5 compared to $30 to $40 for incandescent or fluorescent. • Compatible with battery backup (traffic lights). Source: stock.xchng

  28. Lighting controls • Daylighting • Skylights/lightpipes, clerestory windows, or roof monitors. • Energy savings can range from about $0.25/ft2 to $0.50/ft2, depending on the building type, location, office area plan, and local cost of energy. • Photosensor layout is important. Source: LightLouver LLC • Occupancy sensors • Ultrasonic has wider range than infrared but is prone to false positives. • Can shorten life of fluorescents with instant start ballast. • $30 to $150 cost. • 2-year payback is normal.

  29. Lighting controls • Dimming • A solid-state dimmer works by using silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). • Radio frequency interference (RFI)can be a problem. • Greatly increases bulb life for incandescent/halogens. • Requires special dimming ballast for fluorescents. • 3-wire, 2-wire, or 4-wire. • Energy savings fairly linear with fluorescents. • Continuous or bi-level dimming • HID lighting limited to 50% to 60% dimming. • Two-level for magnetic ballasts (non-linear energy savings). • Continuous for electronic ballasts (energy savings linear). • Lamp life degrades if dimming to less than 60% level.

  30. Lighting controls • Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) • A royalty-free, non-proprietary, two-way, open and interoperable digital protocol. • The Gateway broadcasts commands to all digital ballasts across the signal cabling that connects the ballastsin parallel. • A ballast only responds when the message contains its specific address. • Sixteen programmable scenarios and groups stored in the ballast.

  31. Lighting controls • Wireless Mesh Networks • Redundant • Joining • Healing • Spatial diversity • Different routes • Temporal diversity • Try again later Source: Dust Networks

  32. Lighting maintenance • Nine components of a good lighting maintenance program*: • Group relamping • Know your equipment • Focusing and adjustment • Verify lamp types and wattage • Verify color temperature • Confirm that everything is in working order • Watch for compatibility issues • Get rid of dirt • Do not forget exterior lighting *"Everything You Need to Know About Maintaining Your Lighting System," by Jean Sundin, founder of Office for Visual Interaction, Inc.

  33. Lighting maintenance • Group relamping recommended at 60% to 80% of rated life. • Every 2 to 3 years for 20,000 hour fluorescents. • Can be 30% to 40% cheaper to group relamp due to labor savings. • Easier to schedule and outsource than spot relamping. • Reduces improper mixing of different types of lamps. • Normally done outside working hours. • Lighting failure modes • Heat • Voltage transients • Vibration • Bad electrical connection • Improper cycling

  34. The Business Solutions Toolkit • Reduce energy expenditures with free, online tools • Energy benchmark data by business segment • Efficiency recommendations by business segment • Lighting, motor and other energy calculators • Facility energy assessment… plus more • Get energy answers with live Web resources • “Ask an Expert” service supplies direct answers to energy questions • Searchable Energy Library and News resources • Monthly electronic newsletter delivered to your e-mailbox

  35. How to access the Toolkit • Links found on the Pacific Power website • Can access direct at pacificpower.net/toolkit • Register to use the Toolkit and you will receive our monthly e-mail newsletter

  36. What is in the Toolkit

  37. Online business tools pacificpower.net/toolkit

  38. Pacific Power FinAnswer Express • FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial customers– either retrofit or new construction • Pre-calculated incentives for high-efficiency lighting and HVAC equipment • Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment • Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase application) varies by technology and project type • Please understand the process before you purchase! • Check our website for on-line forms plus trade allies available to help • Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsireusa.org

  39. Pacific Power Energy FinAnswer • Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects– either new construction or commercial retrofit* • Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged • Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest priority measures • Commissioning is required for most measures • Incentives are project-based • Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project • Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is purchased • Check our website for participation steps and online forms *Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq. ft. to be eligible

  40. Contacts • For more information please phone us: • Call yourBusiness Solutions Team for answers to service and account questions at 1-866-870-3419 • Visit our website at: • Business program Web page – pacificpower.net/business • Business Solutions Toolkit – pacificpower.net/toolkit • Or contact us directly: • E-mail us at energy.expert@pacificorp.com • Use our online inquiry form – pacificpower.net/inquiry • Call our business Energy Services Hotline at 1-800-222-4335 • Also visit the Energy Trust of Oregon website at energytrust.org © 2010 Tech Resources Inc.

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