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Essential Pharmacy Measurements, Abbreviations, and Conversion Guidelines

This comprehensive guide covers essential pharmacy units, measurements, and commonly used abbreviations. It highlights the metric and US customary systems, including conversions between units. Important measurements such as grams, liters, and common temperature units are detailed. The document also covers electrolytes, their normal ranges, and the significances of different abbreviations used in medical contexts. This resource is vital for students and professionals in the field of pharmacy and medicine.

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Essential Pharmacy Measurements, Abbreviations, and Conversion Guidelines

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  1. Pharmacy Units • Measurements and Abbreviations • There are others in the Student Handout book • The most common ones (Must know) • C=Celsius • F =Fahrenheit • G or gr =Gram • Gr. = grain • L= liter • Ml= Milliliter • Mg=Milligram • Kg=Kilogram • TBSP= tablespoon • TSP= Teaspoon • Gtt= drop

  2. Measurement Systems • Metric System- began in France in 1795. • Denotes basic units of measurement in 6 main areas: • Mass - Gram • Length- meter • Time- second • Volume- liter • Electricity- Ampere (named after the french mathematician , Andre Marie Ampere) is a unit of electric current. • Temperature – Kelvins • Conversions are made based on factors of ten: • 1000 micrograms = 1 milligram, 1000 milligrams= 1 gram

  3. Metric System is the preferred system in science and medicine due to its factor of ten basis. Used in most countries in the world • Nano =0.0000000001 • Micro = 0.0000001 • Milli =0.001 • Centi=0.01 • Deci = 0.1 • Kilo=1,000

  4. US Customary Units and British Imperial Systems • Development over centuries in the British Isles and later in the US colonies • Formally standardized in 1824 • Still use in the US and Great Britain Today; however, almost all scientific applications use the metric system or the SI system (Système international d'unités ) • Avoirdupois system is a subsystem of weights in the US and British Systems based on the pound. • 1 pound = 16 ounces = 480 grams (actually slightly less)

  5. The follow is a list of weights and their metric equivalents • 1 Grain = 65 mg (5 gr aspirin =325 mg) exception: 1 gr of thyroid, phenobarbital, codeine and nitroglycerin) is 60 mg • 2.2 pound = 1 kilograms • 1 Dram (symbolized by ʒ) = 3.9 g and 1 f ʒ = 3.9 ml • 1 ounce = 28.35 g and 1 fl. Oz= 30 ml • 1 pint= 16 ounces and 16 fl.oz= 480 ml • 2 pints= 32 ounces and 32 fl.oz = 1 quart = 960 ml=0.96 liters • 8 pints= 128 ounces and 128 fl.oz=4 quarts = 1 gallon = 3.8 liters • 20 drops = 1 ml

  6. Apothecary System • Apothecary system is a system of weights and measure used in Europe during the 18th century by physicians and pharmacist (apothecary) • Is a subset of the British Imperial systems • The following are important to remember in pharmacy • The follow is a list of weights and their metric equivalents • 1 Grain = 65 mg (5 gr aspirin =325 mg) exception: 1 gr of thyroid, phenobarbital, codeine and nitroglycerin) is 60 mg • 1 Dram (symbolized by ʒ) = 3.9 g and 1 f ʒ = 3.9 ml • The following is the symbols for the ounce, scruple, and the pound • The apothecary pounds is 12 ounces

  7. Conversions between units • To make a unit conversion note: • units 1 X (unit 2/unit 1) = unit 2 • Or use the formula in the book: • Unit you have X (the unit you need/unit you have)= the unit you need

  8. Electrolytes and their units • In medicine electrolytes are reported in the following units: mg/dl and mEq/l • Electrolytes that are reported in mEq/l are sodium, potassium. • Normal sodium in humans is 135 mEq/l to 145 mEq/ml • Low plasma sodium is called hyponatremia and high is hypernatremia. • Na is the chemical symbol for sodium

  9. Normal plasma potassium is 4 mEq/l to 5 mEq/l • Low plasma potassium is hypokalemia and high is hyperkalemia • The chemical symbol for potassium is K • High potassium levels (greater than 9 mEq/l) is very dangerous and can be fatal (death is by cardiac asystole)

  10. Calcium • The chemical symbol for calcium is Ca • Calcium and Magnesium are divalent cations, meaning they have a charge of +2. • Sometimes you will see them write as Ca +2 and Mg +2 • Normal plasma calcium is 8 mg/dl to 10 mg/dl • Calcium is important in the body for blood pressure, cardiac function and blood clotting. • Calcium is sometimes used to reverse effects of high blood potassium on the heart. An order you may see is • 1 gram calcium gluconate IVP X 2 • 0.3 gram calcium chloride IVP X 2

  11. More less Commonly used abbreviations • AMA= against medical advice • AV= arteriovenous • BE= Barium enema • BUN= Blood urea nitrogen • CC= chief complaint • Cl liq= clear liquids • DAT= diet as tolerated • Dim= one- half or SS • EENT= eye, ear, nose and throat • ERT- estrogen replacement therapy • FE= iron • GTT= glucose tolerance test • HRT= Hormone replacement therapy

  12. Hx= history • IM= intramuscular injection • I&O= intake and output • KCL= potassium chloride • mEq= milliequivalent • MOM= milk of magnesia • NPO= nothing by mouth • PRN = as needed • PO= by mouth • Qs= sufficient quantity

  13. SSE= soap suds enema • Sum= take • TPN= total parenteral nutrition • Ung= ointment

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