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Control of Road Dust

Control of Road Dust. By Wongpun Limpaseni Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, THAILAND Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution: From Plan to Action

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Control of Road Dust

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  1. Control of Road Dust By Wongpun Limpaseni Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, THAILAND Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution: From Plan to Action February 12-14, 2001. United Nations Conference Center, Bangkok, Thailand

  2. Control of Road Dust Contents 1. Introduction 2. Present Situation 3. Effectiveness of Present Program 4. Recommendation on Control Strategy 5. Action Plan Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  3. Introduction • Three most important sources of PM10 in Bangkok road dust, industrial, vehicle emission Total PM10 emission in 2000 equals 60,000 ton per year • Road cleaning is the most cost-effective measures in controlling dust • BMA spend 82 million Baht and collected 25,000 cu.m. dust from the roads in year 2000 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  4. Present Situation (1) Road Cleaning Operation by Public Cleansing Department and 50 district offices by private contractor in Thonburi Area • Manual Method • Mechanical Road Sweeper • Washing with Water Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  5. Present Situation (2) Institutions • Sources of road dust • construction of buildings • road construction • utility works • Agencies concerned • BMA, Police, utility companies, mass transit companies Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  6. Present Situation (3) Laws and Regulations • BMA • Pollution Control Department Problems • Pollution emitters • law enforcers, laws and regulations • co-ordination of construction works Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  7. Effectiveness of Present Program • Amount of dust on road surface (Table 1) • Resource, labor and cost in road cleaning (Table 2 and 3) • Pilot project • to determine effectiveness of different methods of road cleaning • to evaluate private contractor for road cleaning operation Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  8. Road Class Road Name Dust Silt Silt g/sq.m. g/sq.m. % 1 Chakrapong 26.01 3.59 13.81 2 Lanluang 1.37 0.17 12.50 3 Charoenkrung 2.60 0.31 11.84 4 Silom 23.52 1.79 7.62 5 Rama VI N 17.15 0.96 5.58 5 Rama VI S 17.54 1.52 8.67 6 Rajprarop 5.05 0.15 2.94 7 Pradipat 6.39 0.28 4.35 8 Issaraphap 16.07 0.39 2.41 9 Phaholyothin 13.44 1.26 9.36 10 Ramkhamhaeng 6.33 0.52 8.14 11 Ekamai 27.90 3.12 11.20 12 Taksin 2.42 0.34 13.92 13 Sukumvit 10.24 1.00 9.77 14 Charansanitwong 62 4.64 0.41 8.84 14 Charansanitwong 65 2.93 0.12 4.26 15 Expressway Tha Rua 27.18 1.46 5.38 16 Rama 3 N 22.58 1.33 5.91 16 Rama 3 S 11.14 0.84 7.55 Average 12.87 1.03 7.67 Table 1 Dust and Silt Loading on Paved Roads in Bangkok, 1996 Source: Wongpun Limpaseni, private communication

  9. Agencies in charge Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers Large Medium Small Total Public Cleansing Service Div 12 1 2 15 District offices 19 38 17 74 Private contractor 5 11 5 21 Total 36 50 24 110 Table 2 Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers owned by BMA

  10. Unit Large Medium Small Total Total Road Sweepers Truck 36 50 24 110 Number of Sweepers Reported Truck 14 20 12 46 Sweepers in Use Truck 12 6 10 28 Length of Road Kilometer 6,152 1,136 2,493 9781 Working Hours Hours 834 365 849 2048 Dust Collected Cu.m. 787 169 429 1385 Distancetravelled per Sweeper Km/day/truck 17.09 6.31 8.31 11.64 Working hours per Sweeper Hr/day/truck 2.32 2.03 2.83 2.44 Dust collected per Sweeper Cu.m./day/ truck 2.19 0.94 1.43 1.65 Proportion of Sweepers in Use 0.86 0.30 0.83 0.61 Estimated total length for BMA Km/day 527 95 166 788 Estimated Dust Collected for BMA Cu.m./day 67 14 29 110 Table 3 Activity Report of Mechanical Road Sweepers, April 1999 Note: Report received from 21 districts out of 41 districts

  11. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (1) • Comparing dust and silt loading on road surface before and after road cleaning • Comparing different mechanical road sweepers with manual labor and washing with water • Evaluate private contractor road cleaning operation Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  12. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (2) BMA road cleaning efficiency total dust silt • manual labor 15% 6% • large sweeper , large road 21% 12% • medium sweeper, small road 64% 68% • small sweeper, small road 54% 51% • washing, large road 38% 31% Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  13. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (3) Private contractor efficiency total dust silt • medium sweeper, large road 38% 32% • medium sweeper, small road 68% 66% • washing, large road 55% 57% • washing, small road 60% 74% (Table 4 and 5) Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  14. No. No. No. Efficiency on Thonburi side (%) Efficiency Efficiency on Bangkokside (%) Sweeper Manual labor Large Sweeper Sweeper Medium Sweeper Small Sweeper Washing Washing Washing 2 lanes 4 lanes 6 lanes 2 lanes 6 lanes 6 lanes 4 lanes 4 lanes 6 lanes 1 1 15.10 68.9 36.18 52.58 56.48 1 26.76 73.12 61.67 _ 2 2 61.97 12.15 40.55 64.86 50.8 2 14.5 60.71 50.11 49.49 3 3 16.67 73.98 35.94 60.54 56.43 3 23.07 56.86 47.95 47.17 Average Average 14.64 68.25 37.65 59.33 54.57 Average 21.44 63.56 53.24 48.33 Table 4 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Total Dust Loading

  15. No. No. No. Efficiency on Bangkok (%) Efficiency on Thonburi side (%) Efficiency Sweeper Large Sweeper Manual labor Medium Sweeper Sweeper Small Sweeper Washing Washing Washing 2lanes 4 lanes 6 lanes 2 lanes 6 lanes 6 lanes 4 lanes 4 lanes 6 lanes 1 1 7.79 70.73 27.27 50.00 56.98 1 - 72.49 53.41 _ 2 2 13.24 62.96 37.78 86.36 52.63 2 23.35 62.02 42.01 44.78 3 3 79.36 20.00 29.41 73.91 60.27 3 10.65 69.26 53.51 61.04 Average Average 13.68 71.02 32.00 73.68 56.63 Average 17.00 67.88 49.64 52.91 Table 5 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Silt Loading

  16. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (4) BMA dust remains (g/sq.m.) total dust silt • manual labor 2.11 0.28 • large sweeper , large road 2.44 0.59 • medium sweeper, small road 3.15 0.34 • small sweeper, small road 2.98 0.42 • washing, large road 0.84 0.12 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  17. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (5) Private contractor dust remains total dust silt (g/sq.m.) • medium sweeper, large road 3.42 0.85 • medium sweeper, small road 3.56 0.53 • washing, large road 3.47 0.72 • washing, small road 1.37 0.19 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  18. Recommendation on Control Strategy (1) • Improve safety, health and working condition of human sweepers monitor and record safety data, health and compensation • Improve record on road cleaning expenditure and effectiveness e.g. expense per hour or kilometer of road cleaned or ton of dust collected • expand privatization program on road cleaning Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  19. Recommendation on Control Strategy (2) • Strict enforcement of good construction practice and proper transportation of materials • Better co-ordination in construction work on any particular road among utility companies and BMA • Pave or greening of road shoulders, sidewalks and median strips Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  20. Basis for Action Plan • Recommendation for cost-effective cleaning of roads • sweep twice a week • wash with water twice a week a day or two after sweeping • Assumption on costs • sweeping cost 600 Baht per kilometer of road • washing cost 1,000 Baht per kilometer of road • Feasibility study of piping cleaning water Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

  21. Action Plan Privatization plan on road cleaning Year Cost per year Thonburi area 76 roads 128 km 200221.3 M + Outer Bangkok 138 roads 207 km 2003-2004 55.8 M + Inner Bangkok 330 road 208 km 2005-2006 90.4 M Total 544 roads 543 km 313.7 M for 5 years Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

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