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Immanuel Kant [2]

Immanuel Kant [2]. Critique of Practical Reason [Kritik der reinen Vernunft]. Critique of pure reason It means the theoretical use of our reason It produces objective claims of scientific knowledge. Critique of practical reason It means the practical use of our reason

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Immanuel Kant [2]

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  1. Immanuel Kant [2] Critique of Practical Reason [Kritik der reinen Vernunft]

  2. Critique of pure reason It means the theoretical use of our reason It produces objective claims of scientific knowledge Critique of practical reason It means the practical use of our reason It produces normative claims of moral or ethics The Differences

  3. The starting point • Kant stated that there is no absolute good, except ‘the good will’. • This statement is not tautological, because he understands the good will as ‘the good will as such’ or ‘pure good will’ that doesn’t depend on the other conditions or interests. • This absolute good will is not influenced by any interest. • It is the deepest intention and disposition of our conscience.

  4. Legality An action that conforms to obligation It has no moral quality Morality An action that is accomplished for the sake of the obligation It has moral quality Morality and Legality

  5. Moral Rigor • According to Kant the moral quality of our action depends on our self interest in accomplishing the obligation. • The lest self interest we have, the more moral quality we get. • This Kant’s moral view is called ‘moral rigor’ : We do something morally not because of certain value (e.g. solidarity or compassion), but because of obligation that doesn’t depend on our moods. Not the content of a moral action is important, but it’s a priori form • The morality doesn’t depend on our moods

  6. Law Something external in the social world as universal normative structures Maxim Something internal in the subjective world, i.e. in the moral consciousness Two aspects of Obligation: Law and Maxim

  7. Empirical Maxim It is oriented to the effects or results of the action (teleological) It has no moral quality E.g. a false promise for the sake of safety A priori Maxim It is oriented to the universal moral law as such and doesn’t attach to sensual desires or interests Only this kind of maxim has moral quality This maxim was searched by Kant Two kinds of maxim

  8. Harmony between Law/Principle and Maxim • The human being cannot fully accomplish the law according to his maxim. There is always a hiatus between the moral principle of our practical reason and our subjective maxim • Only God can do something according to maxim and principle. So, there is no obligation for him, because every principle is accomplished according to his maxim. • We are conscious of the maxim as imperative

  9. Hypothetical imperative The conditional statements like “If you want to be successful in your study, you must learn hard” It has no moral quality Categorical Imperative The unconditional statement or imperative that ought to be accomplished because it is good in it self. It has moral quality Two Kind of Imperatives

  10. The Content of the categorical imperative • “Do so, as if the maxim of your action – through your own will – can be universalized as a universal law” • E.g. why don’t I steal the money? Stealing cannot be universalized as universal law. The universalizing of this maxim can destroy the social order.

  11. The Purpose of categorical Imperative • What is the purpose of the categorical imperative ? According to Kant it must be neutral from the interests. So, why must we obey the categorical imperative? • Kant’s Answer: The purpose of this moral imperative is (respect of) the human person. • So, Kant says that we must treat the human person in ourselves or in the other person not as a means for an end, but as an end in itself.

  12. Postulates of practical reason • Kant argues that there are three conditions of possibility of our moral action. They are called ‘postulates of practical reason’. (Postulate cannot be questioned anymore. It is stated) • 1. Freedom • 2. Immortality of the soul • 3. The Existence of God

  13. Freedom • We cannot proof freedom scientifically as something empirical. But without freedom our action has no moral character. Something is morally good or bad, because it is done ‘freely’ or ‘voluntarily’

  14. Immortality of Soul • Not all of our morally good action results happiness. Virtue doesn’t imply automatically or logically the pleasure or happiness. So, it must be assumed that the highest good doesn’t realized itself in this world. In moral action we assumed that our soul is immortal. In the noumenal world the highest good (summum bonum) is realized.

  15. The Existence of God • If we act morally, we assume that there is a absolute rational subject that can fulfill our longing for the highest good (summum bunum). This absolute moral subject is God. So, we must assume the existence of God in order to qualify our action as moral action. Because only God is the ultimate good.

  16. Critique of Critique • Moral action orients its self not only by formal transcendental moment of an ‘ought’, but also by a value that has a certain content that is valuable for the moral actor. So, according to Max Scheller, we act according norms because we appreciate the value in that norm, e.g. solidarity, love, beauty, etc.

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