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Freedom and Partition 9.1

Freedom and Partition 9.1. Katherine, Sophia, and Catherine. Growing Unrest. After World War I Indian nationalists increased demands for freedom British government passed new laws to oppress Indians After the death of five British officials, all public meetings were banned. Amritsar Massacre.

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Freedom and Partition 9.1

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  1. Freedom and Partition9.1 Katherine, Sophia, and Catherine

  2. Growing Unrest • After World War I Indian nationalists increased demands for freedom • British government passed new laws to oppress Indians • After the death of five British officials, all public meetings were banned

  3. Amritsar Massacre • Occurred on April 13, 1919 • 10,000 Indians met peacefully in Amritsar, a city in Northern India • British soldiers opened fire killing 379 people and wounding 1,100 • Massacre deepened distrust of British government and led to increased violence

  4. Mohandas Gandhi Principles • Key figure in Indian struggle for independence • United groups within the national movement and inspired people of all classes to support independence • Suported non-violence resistance called satyagrahaand blended Hindu and Christian beliefs • Satyagraha means truth force

  5. Gandhi’s Principles continued… • Wanted British to become aware of their wrongdoings

  6. Gandhi’s Appeal • Won support by stressing India’s heritage • Encouraged traditional Indian industries • Emphasized Hindu virtues • Demanded better treatment for untouchables • Included Muslims in his campaign

  7. Campaign of Civil Disobedience • 1920’s: Gandhi traveled around India urging non-violent resistance • Supported strikes, protests, and boycotts

  8. The Salt March • 1930 Gandhi used nonviolent resistance to protest the tax on salt • Indians could only buy heavily taxed salt from the government • Gandhi led followers on a 200 mile march to the coast; thousands joined along the way • They made salt from sea water to protest • The salt protest spread across India • Gandhi and 50,000 other Indians were arrested and nothing changed

  9. Moving Toward Independence • Indian National Congress refused to support Britain in WWII unless Britain promised immediate independence • Britain refused so Gandhi organized “Quit India” • Policy of non-cooperation with the British • British arrested 20,000 Congress members

  10. Hindu-Muslim Conflict • Muslims demanded separate Muslim nation • Muslims feared they would not have rights in a Hindu dominated nation • Gandhi hoped that Hindus and Muslims could work together in an independent India • Many Hindus distrusted Muslims • Economic and political differences increased tension

  11. The Subcontinent Divided • 1946: Widespread rioting between Hindus and Muslims • 1947: British parliament passed the Indian Independence Act • Ended British rule in India • British India was divided into Hindu dominated India and Muslim dominated Pakistan • Partition lead to violence between the Hindus and Muslims which resulted in the killing of 50,000 people

  12. The Subcontinent Divided continued… • Millions of Muslims fled from India to Pakistan while millions of Hindus fled to India from Pakistan • 50 million people migrated • Gandhi was so sickened by the violence that he refused to celebrate India’s independence • January 1948: Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist

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