1. Respiration and Motor System 9.1

2. 9.1 The Importance of an Oxygen Delivery System

3. Breathing: is the process that brings O2 into the lungs and expels CO2 It uses the diaphragm (which pushes up) and intercostals muscles. It supplies the body with oxygen so that ATP can be formed by cellular respiration A. Respiration and Breathing

4. Respiration: is the process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells. • There are two types: • External respiration • Internal respiration

5. External respiration: occurs in the lungs Internal respiration: occurs within the body

6. Use your text (Chapter 9) to define and give the function of the following structures. Some may not be in your text…..I will help you. Tongue, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, cilia, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, pleural membrane, pleural space

8. Tongue- part of the oral cavity Pharynx-throat; collect air from mouth and nose and passes it to the trachea Larynx- voice box; contains the vocal cords B. The Human Respiratory System (Structures and Functions)

9. Epiglottis- small flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea; closes when food is swallowed Trachea-windpipe; passage leading from pharynx to lungs Cilia-very small hair-like structures that moves mucous containing dust, debris etc up into the throat where it can be removed or swallowed

10. Bronchi- main branches of the trachea; tubes that lead into the lungs Bronchiole-smallest subdivisions of the bronchi Alveoli- small air sacs where gas exchange occurs

11. Capillaries-microscopic blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli; site of gas exchange Pleural membrane - a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs Pleural space -space between the membranes surrounding the lungs, and lines the inner wall of the chest

12. Diaphragm- a strong wall of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity Ribs- bones that support and protect the chest cavity; move to a limited degree and help the lungs expand and contract

14. Activity: Label the lung diagram

16. Nasal cavity Path of Air Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Aveoli

17. 1. Air enters through the nasal cavity or mouth • Air is: -Warmed -Moistened -Cleaned • Hairsfilter and trap dust • Mucous traps particles and keeps cells lining the cavities moist Path of Air

18. 2.Air moves to the pharynx (throat)

19. 3. The air is then carried to the larynx(voice box) • The larynx consists of two thin elastic sheets that vibrate when air is forced through them….. which produces sound • Inflammation due to an infection causes swelling and can cause Laryngitis The voice is projected by the Adam’s apple (A thick band of cartilage)

20. 4. The air then continues on down the Trachea • The trachea: • is protected by the epiglottis • It is covered with cilia which sweep debris from the respiratory tract • It also contains mucous which traps debris

23. 5.Then air travels through the left and right bronchi 6. Then to bronchioles; which are composed of smooth muscles……. they can decrease in diameter

25. 7. The air then goes into tiny sacs called aveoli • Aveloi • Is the site of gas exchange.. which is by diffusion • Each is covered in capillaries (microscopic vessels)

29. 8. Gas is then transported in the blood to the heart by the pulmonary vein

31. Pressure in your chest cavity varies because of the movement of your thoracic cavity • When your thoracic cavity: • Expands….. pressure drops • Compresses…. pressure rises • Gases move from an area high pressure to an area of low pressure C. Breathing Movements

32. Inhaling and exhaling occur because of the differences between atmospheric pressure and pleural pressure

33. Inspiration(inhaling) occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is lessthan it is in the atmosphere Expiration(exhaling) occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is greaterthan it is in the atmosphere

34. Diaphragm: is a dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity form the abdominal cavity The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract and relax to cause pressure changes in the chest

36. the diaphragm contracts and moves down the intercostal muscles contract and move ribs up and out The chest cavity becomes bigger and as a result pleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure air moves IN Inspiration

37. diaphragm relaxesand moves up intercostal muscles relax and move ribs down and in chest cavity is smalleras a result pleural pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure air moves OUT Expiration

39. Your Assignment: Page 287 1-9

40. 9.2 Gas Exchange and Transport

41. A. Partial Pressure Daltons Law of partial pressure states: that each gasin a mixture exerts its own pressureindependently of all other gases in the mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide differs depending on location

42. Partial Pressure of O2 Very high outside(atmosphere) High in alveoli Medium in blood Low in tissues Therefore O2 diffuses IN

43. Partial Pressure of CO2 Very high in tissues High in blood Medium in alveoli Low outside (atmosphere) Therefore CO2diffuses OUT

45. O2 Exchange diffuses into blood through capillaries in the aveoli combines with hemoglobin on red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin diffuses into cells (used in cellular respiration) Or it dissolves in plasma

47. CO2 Exchange • Diffuses out of cells and into the blood • In the blood CO2will do one the following: • combine with hemoglobin on red blood cells to form carbaminohemoglobin • dissolve in plasma…forming carbonic acid by combining with H2O • It then diffuses out of the blood throughcapillaries in the aveoli

49. O2 and Co2 Transport Describes how both molecules travel in the blood stream Both rely on the molecule hemoglobin

50. Hemoglobin • Is a molecule on the surface of RBCs • It consists of polypeptides that are composed of heme, and globin • Heme: is the iron-containing pigment… oxygen or carbon dioxide binds to this • Globin: is the protein component • What would be the effect of eating a diet that is low in iron?...... What would be the symptoms you feel and why would you feel this way?