Trypanosomy v lidské krvi

1. Trypanosomy v lidské krvi

2. Euglenids Kinetoplastids Diplonemids Euglenozoans are unicellular flagellates that include free-living, commensalic and parasitic species

3. the sampling of trypanosomatids in Neotropical Heteroptera

4. Trypanosoma brucei trypanosomes • Kinetoplastid flagellates causing disease: >300.000.000 patients • worldwide • Leishmaniasis • Chagas’ disease • Sleeping sickness

5. tse-tse fly vector T.brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesiense T. brucei brucei Trypanosoma brucei distribution life cycle

6. mitochondrion kDNA is organized as a disc with minicircles stretched taut and aligned parallel to the axis of the kDNA disc kDNA

7. Trypanosoma brucei ND8 ND7 COIII gRNA 1 ND9 CYb A6 ~1kb 22kb CR3 gRNA 2 CR5 COII gRNA 3 CR4 MURF2 RPS12 Kinetoplast (or kDNA) genome of kinetoplastid flagellates

8. Pol b-PAK Topo II Polb Antipodal site SSE1 (RNase H) Primase Kinetoflagellar Zone UMSBP Pol1B + Pol1C The kinetoplast DNA replication model

9. Frataxin (komplex ?) IscA IscS1 Ferredoxin 1 Ferredoxin 2 Zájmové mitochondriální proteiny • Fe-S klastery 2. RNA editing a RNA procesing • proteiny konzervované mezi člověkem, kvasinkou a trypanosomou o nichž • se nic neví • Podjednotky respiračního řetězce • Import a modifikace tRNA

10. GAP1 and 2 are lethal also in the bloodstream stage Northern and Western analysis showing downregulation of the GAP proteins gRNAs disappear in the absence of GAP proteins Growth curves of GAP knock-downs

11. Fe s s Cfd1 S S Fe WD40 e Hsp70 DnaJ Mge FOR-NADH Fdx ISC machinery Fe s s S S Nbp35 Fe Narf X? mitochondrion apoprotein Erv1, GSH Atm1? Complex I Fe S S Ind Fe Grx5 Fe S S ATP Fe Frataxin apoprotein 0 S S IscU TCA substrate 2+ Fe Fe IscS alanine IscA Isd11 Nfu Iba57? cysteine Mrs3/4

12. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

13. T. brucei ATPase 6 mRNA edited editing in progress... 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14. 12S 9S ND8 ND7 cox3 cytb ATP6 G3 cox2 MURF2 ND4 RPS12 ND5 ND9 MURF5 MURF1 ND1 cox1 G4 ND3 edited mRNAs In T. brucei, extensive RNA editing is the rule: 9 of 18 mRNAs are extensively edited

15. Most edited mRNAs encode subunits of the OxPhos system Complex II Complex III Complex IV Complex V Complex I Succinate reductase II 6 (a) 7 8 III CYb 9 3 Subunits encoded by mitochondrial mRNAs that require editing

16. Editing Block RNA editing is directed by guide RNAs ...AAAGAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAGUUGUGAUUUUGGAGUUAUAG... |·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...GCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AAAGAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAGUUGUGAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AAAGAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAGUUGUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AGAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAGUUGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AAAGAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... |·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...GAGCAGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGGGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ·||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...GAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAuuGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ||···|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AGGAAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAAGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ··|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AAAGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAAuAuuGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ||||···|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...AGGUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGAuuAuAuuGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ||·||||···|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...GUUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAAGuuAuuAuAuuGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... |·||||·||||···|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... ...UUAGGGGGAGGAGAGAuAGuuAuuAuAuuGuuGuuGAAAuuuGGuuUGuuAUUGGAGUUAUAG... ····|··|·|·|||·||||·||||···|||··||||·||·||·|||||·|||||||||| UUUUUUUUUUUUAUUAAUAGUAUAGUGACAGUUUUAGACUAAGCAAUAGCCUCAAUAUC... U Tail Information Anchor

17. gRNAs VIII VI IV II u u u u cox3 mRNA u u u u A gRNAs VII V III I n edited 3' 5' Direction of editing unedited RNA editing of one mRNA requires several gRNAs

18. Editosome Model p24 p42 p18 upstream binding p63 p90 p81 p99 p52 p48 p108 p69 p57 p46 p102 p67 catalytic hel61 p61 p101 p103 EM p33 p105 p44 anchor binding p41 Insertion editing Deletion editing

19. RNA editing The core machinery: the 20 S editosome Stuart et al., Trends Genet. 2005

20. Crystal structure of the MRP1/MRP2 complex Ribbon diagram with MRP1 in red (subunits A and C) and MRP2 in cyan (subunits B and D) Schumacher et al., Cell 2006

21. The GAP proteins are localized in punctuate loci along the reticulated mitochondrion Immunolocalization using anti-GAP1 antibody Immunolocalization of the HA3-tagged versions of GAP1 and GAP2 Hashimi et al., RNA, 2009

22. Kinetoplast DNA network of trypanosomatids

23. Gradual loss of kinetoplast DNA Without kDNA they cannot survive in tse-tse fly but can in mammals (after some compensatory mutations)

24. Figure 5 Trypanosoma brucei with kDNA Trypanosoma evansi without kDNA (akinetoplastic; “petite mutant”) Editosome and accessory proteins are present even in trypanosomes that have completely lost their mitochondrial DNA (+ RNA) Lai et al., PNAS, 2008