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KINGDOMS AND CRUSADES

KINGDOMS AND CRUSADES. CHAPTER 15 SECTION 3 (23 slides). 1. ALFRED THE GREAT. king of Wessex drove Vikings out of Britain united Anglo-Saxon kingdoms new kingdom known as “Angleland” or “England” founded schools hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in Anglo-Saxon language

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KINGDOMS AND CRUSADES

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  1. KINGDOMS AND CRUSADES CHAPTER 15 SECTION 3 (23 slides) 1

  2. ALFRED THE GREAT • king of Wessex • drove Vikings out of Britain • united Anglo-Saxon kingdoms • new kingdom known as “Angleland” or “England” • founded schools • hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in Anglo-Saxon language • weak rulers followed 2

  3. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR • ruler of Normandy (part of western France) • descendant of Viking ruler who conquered Normandy • cousin of King Edward of England • when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson claimed throne • William believed he was rightful king • William & his army defeated Harold & his foot soldiers at Battle of Hastings • crowned king of England • became known as William the Conqueror 3

  4. Anglo-Saxon resisted his rule • gave land to Norman knights • made them swear loyalty to him as ruler • officials & nobles spoke French • Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, later known as English • took first census since Roman times • known as Domesday Book • counted people, manors, & farm animals 4

  5. HENRY II • King of England • used law courts to increase his power • central court with trained lawyers & judges • circuit judges traveled country hearing cases • established common law • same laws throughout whole kingdom • set up juries to handle argument over land • grand jury – decided whether people should be accused of a crime • trial jury – decided whether an accused person was innocent or guilty 5

  6. KING JOHN • son of Henry II • raised taxes • punished enemies without a trial • English noble resented his power • refused to obey unless guaranteed certain rights • forced king to sign Magna Carta, or the Great Charter 6

  7. MAGNA CARTA • a document of rights • king & vassals both had certain rights & duties • established people have rights • power of government should be limited • took away some of king’s power • no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreed • freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by their peers or equals 7

  8. PARLIAMENT • King Edward I held meeting of people from different parts of England • job was to advise king & help make laws • step towards representative government • original Parliament • two knight from every county • two people from every town • all high-ranking nobles and church officials • later Parliament • divided into two houses • House of Lords • high-ranking nobles • church officials • House of Commons • townspeople 8

  9. KINGDOM OF FRANCE • Charlemagne’s empire divided into three parts • western region – Kingdom of France • Hugh Capet – first Capetian king • Capetians controlled area around Paris – capital • French nobles had more power than kings • changed when Philip II became king 9

  10. went to war against England • conquered most of western France territory • result – French kings gained more land & became more powerful • Philip IV – called Philip the Fair • met with representatives of three estates, or classes, of French society • first estate – clergy (ordained as priests) • second estate – nobles • third estate – townspeople or peasants • meeting began the Estates-General • France’s first parliament • first step towards representative government 10

  11. EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA • Slavs • organized villages in Eastern Europe • made up of families related to each other • shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc • built houses partly underground • kept family warm during cold winters • divided into three major groups 11

  12. three major groups • Southern • Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians • Western • Poles, Czechs, & Slovaks • Eastern • Ukrainians, Belorussians, & Russians • controlled land between Carpathian Mountains & Volga River • created farmland by chopping down forests & burning trees to fertilize the soil • planted barley, rye, & flax 12

  13. KIEVAN RUS • Vikings moved into Slav territory • became rulers • Slavs called Viking rulers the Rus • intermarried into one people • Oleg – Viking leader • created Rus state around city of Kiev • called Kievan Rus • main ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev • Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & landowning nobles helped him govern 13

  14. rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus size • from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in south • from Danube River in west to Volga River in west • growth attracted missionaries from Byzantine Empire • Vladimir - Rus ruler • married sister of Byzantine emperor • became Eastern Orthodox Christian • declared his people Eastern Orthodox 14

  15. MONGOL INVASION • Slavs call Mongols “Tatars” • named after Mongol tribe- the Tata people • destroyed almost all major cities • only city spared was Novgorod • killed many people • Novgorod rulers (and Russian) • had to pay tribute to khan • accept Mongols as their rulers • faced attacks by Germans & Swedes • Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans & Swedes • Mongols reward him with title “grand duke” 15

  16. THE RISE OF MOSCOW • damaged during Mongol invasion • recovered & began to grow • located at crossroads of several important trade routes • Nevsky’s son & descendants became grand dukes of Moscow 16

  17. THE CRUSADES • Christian holy war • total of ten crusades • Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine lands in Asia Minor • Byzantine emperor asks pope for help • Pope Urban II • asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against Muslim Turks • urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Land 17

  18. EARLY VICTORIES • red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call • First Crusade • captured… • Antioch in Syria in 1098 • Jerusalem in 1099 • crusaders created four states • Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine • country of Edessa • principality of Antioch in Asia Minor • country of Tripoli (Lebanon today) • surrounded by Muslims • depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for supplies • Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144 • European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands • Second crusade a total failure 18

  19. DEFEAT • Muslim named Saladin became ruler of Egypt • united Muslims • declared war against Christian states • brilliant commander • defeated Christians • captured Jerusalem in 1187 • led to Third Crusade 19

  20. THIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMS • European rulers gathered armies to fight Saladin • Frederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire • drowned crossing a river • King Richard I of England • Richard the Lion-Hearted • captured a coastal city • agreed to truce with Saladin • Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety • King Phillip II of France • went home 20

  21. FOURTH CRUSADE • called by Pope Innocent III • Venice merchants used crusade to weaken trading rival (Byzantine Empire) • convinced crusaders to attack Constantinople • burned looted city • shocked Western Europeans • weakened Byzantines 21

  22. AFFECT ON EUROPE • increased trade between Europe & Middle East • helped break down feudalism • nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed serfs • reduced their power • helped Kings build stronger centralized governments • Kings taxed new trade with Middle East • taxes built stronger kingdoms in Western Europe 22

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