1. Recap • Sometimes it is necessary to conduct Bad Science • often the product of having too much information • Human Genome Project changed natural scientists perspective on data • Data Driven Science is alive and well

2. Agenda • What are these things anyway… • DNA • RNA • Protein Sequences • Genes • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

3. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • It’s the genetic material of organic life • 4 different nucleotides • They bond together in polynucleotide chain (a sequence) • Bonded by a phosphodiester bond

4. DNA

5. DNA

6. DNA&RNA

7. DNA & RNA

8. Double Helix

9. Double Helix

11. Central Dogma • Proteins do all the work on cellular level • They act catalysts called Enzymes • They make everything work • Different cells do different things. • In each cell is the genetic blue print to do everything • But only a small part of the blue print is used by an individual cell.

12. RNA • Single stranded • Ribonucleic acid • RNA makes a copy of a subsequence of DNA (a gene) • Called transcription • RNA then makes Proteins • Called translation • Protein synthesis is complicated (take a biology course)

13. RNA & DNA • RNA consists of A C G and U • DNA consists of A C G and T • The blue prints of organic life use a 4-symbol encoding. • I often wonder why?

14. Genes • Term used in many different ways • Narrow definition: • Genes are small sub-sequences of the DNA that spell out instructions needed to make the enzyme catalysts produced by cells.

15. Gene Expression • The process of using the information stored in DNA to make RNA and then a corresponding protein. • Parts of the DNA sequence are used to directly transcribe RNA • Part of the DNA sequence help with the Expression Process. • They don’t actually make a protein but assist in the process. • Most of our DNA helps with Expression (we think) • Genes are only a small part of the entire Genome.