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City- states of Mesopotamia

City- states of Mesopotamia. Sumerians - Were one of the first groups to form a civilization. - Formed city-states that developed their own government and ruler. - Earliest governments were controlled by temple priests. -Military leaders often became full-time rulers. Power

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City- states of Mesopotamia

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  1. City- states of Mesopotamia Sumerians - Were one of the first groups to form a civilization. - Formed city-states that developed their own government and ruler. - Earliest governments were controlled by temple priests. -Military leaders often became full-time rulers. Power would be passed down to their sons. - City-states began to grow and constant trade led to cultural diffusion.

  2. City-states of mesopotamia • Life in Sumerian Society • - The emergence of civilization brought about social • classes. (Kings, landholders, and priests made up • the highest level in Sumerian society) • - From 3000 to 2000 B.C. the city-states were almost • always at war with one another. • - This continued until Sargon of Akkad took control • of both northern and southern Mesopotamia and • created the world’s first empire.

  3. City-states of Mesopotamia • Theocracy – a form of government where God is recognized as the head of state. • Autocratic – a form of government where all power is given to one person. • Hammurabi’s Code – Single uniform code of laws to unify the empire.

  4. Warring City-States

  5. Section Opener • The growth of city states in Greece lead to the development of several political systems, including democracy.

  6. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal government. • A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500 square miles. • Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000. • Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis—a fortified hilltop

  7. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • Greek Political Structures • City-states have different forms of government. • Monarchy-rule by a king • Aristocracy-rule by nobility • Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful merchants and artisans

  8. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • Tyrants Seize Power • Rulers and common people clash in many city-states. • Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people. • They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people.

  9. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy • Building Democracy • About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the people—develops in Athens. • Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens. • Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens make laws. • Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens.

  10. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy • Athenian Education • Schooling only for sons of wealthy families. • Girls learn from mothers and other female members of the household.

  11. Sparta Builds a Military State • A Unique City State • Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military state. • Sparta Dominates Messenians • Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia • Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land. • Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a stronger state.

  12. Sparta Builds a Military State • Sparta’s Government and Society • Sparta government has four branches: • Assembly – composed of all Spartan citizens • Council of Elders – Made up of 30 older citizens • 5 elected officials • Carried out laws • Two Kings who ruled Sparta’s Military Forces • Three social classes: • Citizens • Free non-citizens • Helots--slaves

  13. Sparta Builds a Military State • Spartan Daily Life • Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom. • Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece • Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60. • Girls receive some military training and live hard lives • Girls are also taught to value service to Sparta above all else http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/athens/explore/exp_set.html http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/

  14. Democracy and Greece Chapter 5, Section 3 Democratic principles and classical cultureflourish during Greece’s golden age.

  15. Pericles’ Plan for Athens • Pericles as Leader • A wise and able statesman during Athens Golden Age • Also known as The Age of Pericles • Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

  16. Pericles’ Plan for Athens • Stronger Democracy • Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy • Direct democracy— citizens rule directly, not through representatives

  17. Pericles’ Plan for Athens • Athenian Empire • Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. • Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. • Glorifying Athens • Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

  18. Philosophers Search for Truth • Rise of Great Philosophers • After Athens was defeated in a war against Sparta, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.” • Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws. • Believed people could understand laws through logic and reason.

  19. Philosophers Search for Truth • The Sophists • The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge. • They claimed they could find the answers to all questions. • They used rhetoric to win arguments. • They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They might be considered a type of lawyer of the time. • Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods.

  20. Philosophers Search for Truth • Socrates • He believes in questioning and teaches through the method of questioning. • He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.” • He is convicted of “corrupting the youth of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C. • He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.

  21. Philosophers Search for Truth • Plato • He is a student of Socrates. • He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings • His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.

  22. Philosophers Search for Truth • Aristotle • He was a student of Plato. • He uses rules of logic for argument. • His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today. • He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great

  23. The Roman Republic Chapter 6, Section 1

  24. The Origins of Rome • Rome’s Geography • Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location • Located on Italian Peninsula in the center of the Mediterranean Sea. • Built on seven hills along Tiber River • The First Romans • Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control of the region. • Latins found original settlement of Rome between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C. • Etruscans native to northern Italy influence Roman civilization

  25. The Early Republic • Early Rulers • Around 600 B.C. Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome. • Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers • Romans overthrow Etruscan kings in 509 B.C. • Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens elect leaders.

  26. The Early Republic • Patricians and Plebeians • Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic • Patricians— wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power • Plebeians— artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but cannot rule • Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights

  27. The Early Republic • Twelve Tables • In 451 B.C. officials carve Romanlaws on twelve tablets. • Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law. • Laws confirm the right of all freecitizens to the protection of the law. • Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners. • The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum

  28. The Early Republic • Government Under the Republic • Rome elects two consuls—one to lead the army and one to direct government. • Senate— chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign and domestic policy. • Democratic assemblies elect tribunes and makes laws for common people. • Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis.

  29. The Early Republic • The Roman Army • Roman legion— military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry. • Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness.

  30. The Fall of the Roman Republic

  31. The Republic collapses - In 133 B.C. Rome was a democracy. Little more than 100 years later it was governed by an emperor. - As Rome grew, the gap between the rich and poor grew. - Julius Caesar's conquests gained him popularity and in 44 B.C. he was named dictator for life.

  32. The republic collapses • - Senators jealous of Caeser’s power plotted against • him and on March 15, 44 B.C. he was assassinated. • - In 31 B.C. Caesar’s nephew and adopted son • Augustus took control. • -During Augustus’s 40 year rule, his political structure would become the basis of Roman imperial government for the next 4 centuries. When he died the idea of the ‘free republic’ was a distant dream. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nupoMDXzPE

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