Napoleon Forges an Empire (1804-1814)

1. Napoleon Forges an Empire (1804-1814)

2. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • 1795-96 – Directory appoints Napoleon to be general of army & command troops against Austrians • He is defeated by British in Egypt, but his charisma gain him national popularity

3. Napoleon as “First Consul” • The Directory is ineffective and weak • Napoleon is the first consul of French republic (rules as a military dictator) • Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat (blow of the state) on November 9, 1799 • 1800 – plebiscite (vote of people) approves new Constitution giving all authority to Napoleon

4. Napoleon Established the Banque de France • Economy: tax collections & National Bank established in 1800

5. Lycee System of Education • Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. • Lycées were government run public schools • Lycées trained the nation’s future government leaders.

6. Concordat of 1801 • signed concordat (agreement) w/ pope rejecting church influence in politics, but accepting its influence socially • Bishops appointed by French gov’t, but parish priests appointed by bishops • Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest

7. Napoleonic Code, 1804 • Restricted free speech and free press won during the Revolution • Napoleonic Code – concise, uniform laws, but restrictive of individual liberty – law & order most important

8. December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor & is determined to control Europe & French colonies in New World

9. Haitian Independence, 1792-1804 Saint Dominigue (Haiti) – slaves revolted in 1789 (led by Toussaint L’Ouverture) & Napoleon could not defeat the revolt  needed $ for more war efforts elsewhere & sold Louisiana Territory in 1803 to the US (Louisiana Purchase) Toussaint L’Ouverture

10. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

11. Emperor Napoleon I

12. The Empress Josephine

13. Napoleonic Europe

14. “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean AugusteDominique Ingres

15. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns • Gained control of Austrian Netherlands, Switzerland, & northern Italy  British join w/ Russia, Austria & Sweden • Austria, Russia, Prussia eventually sign peace treaties w/ Napoleon b/c his army was massive & overpowering  largest empire since collapse of Rome

16. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns • Napoleon attempts to invade Britain but loses naval Battle of Trafalgar

17. SeaPower 1805: France   Britain -British defeat the French navy and succeed in remaining most powerful navy for the next 100 years -Napoleon is unsuccessful in defeating Britain The Battle of Trafalgar

18. Battle of Trafalgar

19. The French Empire – 1807-1812 By 1812 – the only major European countries free from Napoleon’s control were: Britain, The Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Sweden Puppet Countries (controlled by French): Spain, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and German kingdoms – ruled by brothers and in-laws of Napoleon Russia, Prussia, and Austria loosely tied to French Empire through alliances THE EMPIRE WOULD QUICKLY COLLAPSE

20. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

21. Napoleon’s Family Rules! • Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. • Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain • Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland • Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy • Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome • Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany • Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

22. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

23. “Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche

24. The Continental System • GOAL to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe • 1806 –blockade Britain’s trade to destroy industrial and commercial economy • The blockade was not strictly followed by other European countries • Britain responded this their own blockade • American ships were among those stopped by the British navy and this lead to the War of 1812 between British & U.S.

25. The Continental System

26. Marie Louise(of Austria)married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna

27. Marie Louise(of Austria)withNapoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832)

28. Peninsular War: 1808 • Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. • France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. • Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well! • Spanish nationalism (pride) motivates guerilla fighters (militias who know the land really well) to attack French troops • Napoleon loses Peninsular War

29. The “Big Blunder” -- Russia • The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign (1812-1813) • In July, 1812 Napoleon led his army of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia • The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground known as scorched earth policy, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food • Napoleon retreats

30. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow • September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. • The Russians had set fire to the city.

31. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

32. The 4th Coalition Napoléon’sDefeat 1813-1814: France  • Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden • Alliances use weakness of Napoleon on his return from Russia to defeat him

33. Napoleon Abdicates! • Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. • Outside armies invade France & banish Napoleon • Napoleon abdicated (gave up his throne) in April of 1814 • The royalists took control and restoredLouis XVIII (brother of the guillotined king) to the throne

34. Napoleon’s Abdication

35. Napoleon in Exile on Elba

36. Louis XVIII (18th)

37. The "Hundred Days" (March 20 - June 22, `1815)

38. The "Hundred Days" (March 20 - June 22, `1815 Napoleon’s“100 Days” France  1815:  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states • June 15, 1815 – Battle of Waterloo start at 31 min- Movie • Napoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. • Prussian and British forces defeat Napoleon and his army in the city of Waterloo (Belgium)

39. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo(June 18, 1815) Prussian General Blücher DukeofWellington

40. Napoleon on His Way to HisFinal Exile onSt. Helena for 6 years

41. Napoleon’s Residence and Death on St. Helena

42. Napoleon’s Tomb

43. What is Napoleon’s Legacy?

44. The Congress of Vienna

45. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

46. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Britain) Tsar Alexander I (Russia) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) King Frederick William III (Prussia) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (France)

47. Key Principles Established at Vienna • Metternich had three goals @ Congress: • 1.) prevent future French aggression & surround France w/stronger countries • 2.) restore a balance of power(no one country is a threat) • 3.) restore legitimacy: Europe’s royal families back on thrones

48. Congress of Vienna wants to go BACKto before 1789 (French Rev.) Balance of power - no country in Europe too powerful A new map of Europe drawn (France weaker) C ongress of Vienna: (1815) Peace Conference after Napoleon (Metternich = leader) K ings restored to power A C K

49. Changes Made at Vienna • France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon • Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Republic united to form Kingdom of Netherlands • A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule • Switzerland became independent • Kingdom of Sardinia strengthened by adding Genoa (Italy)

50. The Germanic Confederation, 1815