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Wheat Seedgall Nematode Anguina tritici

Wheat Seedgall Nematode Anguina tritici. Etymology & Historical. Common name Wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici anguinos = snake-like tritici = host crop First PPN to be recorded by Needham in 1743 Steinbuch 1799 described it as Vibrio tritici

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Wheat Seedgall Nematode Anguina tritici

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  1. Wheat Seedgall Nematode Anguina tritici Walia CCSHAU

  2. Etymology & Historical • Common name • Wheat seed gall nematode • Anguina tritici • anguinos = snake-like • tritici = host crop • First PPN to be recorded by Needham in 1743 • Steinbuch 1799 described it as Vibrio tritici • Filipjev 1936 gave it the name Anguina tritici • In India, first reported by Milne 1919 from Punjab Walia CCSHAU

  3. Systematic Position Walia CCSHAU

  4. Diagnostic characters • Female • Adult female obese in the middle, 2.64-4.36 mm long; body coiled when heat relaxed; spear weak; 8-10 µm long with small knobs; oesophagus with a lobed basal bulb; ovary single with one or two flexures, anteriorly extending up to basal bulb, oocytes arranged in multiple rows about a rachis; vulva posterior; tail elongated conoid. • Male • Shorter than females, 2.04-2.4 mm long, more straight than females; bursa not covering the tail completely,; spicules short and broad. Walia CCSHAU

  5. Walia CCSHAU

  6. Adult female Walia CCSHAU

  7. Anterior end - Female Walia CCSHAU

  8. Distribution and Hosts • Distribution • Once present in all wheat growing regions of the world including Europe, Asia, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Russian states • Problem in India, eastern Europe and middle east. • India – Northern wheat growing states • Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi • Hosts • Specific to wheat • Different species of Anguina form galls on different plant parts Walia CCSHAU

  9. Biology and Life cycle • Parasite of above-ground parts • Source of infection – seed material contaminated with cockles • Each seed gall (cockle) contains 3000-12000 J2 in quiescent stage • Gain moisture in soil, become active and come out into soil • Ascend the growing point of germinating seedlings • Feed ectoparasitically between leaf sheaths and growing point till earhead emergence • Carried up along the growing plant, shielded among young leaves surrounding growing point • Enter floral primordia when earhead still inside boot leaf, become endoparasite • Earheads emerge, nematodes moult quickly to adults inside green galls • Each gall may contain several adults, mate inside, females lay eggs, fecundity high • Eggs hatch into J2, and become quiescent inside the gall as the crop matures • Only one life cycle in a season • Can survive inside a dried gall for 32 years Walia CCSHAU

  10. Symptoms • Name of the disease – Gegla, Sehun, Mamni, Earcockle • Above-ground symptoms • Basal swelling of stem at 20-25 days • Crinkling, curling and twisting of leaves • Stunting and prostrate growth of the crop • Increased tillering • Earhead formation preponed • Affected earheads are shorter and broader • Glumes arranged loosely • Galls replace the seeds Walia CCSHAU

  11. Basal Swelling; Crinkling, Curling of leaves Walia CCSHAU

  12. Healthy v/s Diseased earheads Walia CCSHAU

  13. Contents of a green gall Walia CCSHAU

  14. Ruptured green gall Walia CCSHAU

  15. Symptoms on earheads at maturity Walia CCSHAU

  16. Cockles and Grains Walia CCSHAU

  17. Cockles and Grains Walia CCSHAU

  18. Contents of a mature cockle Walia CCSHAU

  19. Interaction with other pathogens • Anguinatritici+ Clavibactertritici= Tundudisease or Yellow ear rot, Tannan • Nematode acts as vector • Initial symptoms same • Low temperature and High humidity favour disease • Yellow slimy ooze on leaves, stem, earheads • Upon maturity, turns brown • No grain formation • Earheads may not emerge from boot leaf • Tundu is more damaging than earcockle Walia CCSHAU

  20. Tundu symptoms Walia CCSHAU

  21. Tundu Walia CCSHAU

  22. Losses • Seed contamination Loss in Yield 2.5 % 30% 6.5% 54% 8.5% 69% Incidence in Haryana Eacockle 2.3 – 8.2% Tundu 2.3 – 8.2% Organoleptic tests At 5% or > contamination in grains, significant deterioration in colour, texture, smell and taste of chapaties Walia CCSHAU

  23. Control • Separation of cockles from seed • Dry cleaning • Winnowing/Fanning • Plain Water or Salt water (10-20%) floatation • Seed galls float on surface, seeds sink • Skim off the galls and destroy them • Use of certified seed • Possible to eradicate both diseases easily Walia CCSHAU

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