AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY UNIT ONE: NATURE AND PERSPECTIVES

2. What is Geography? Eratosthenes – 1st to Coin the Word Geography Geo + Graphy = Earth + To Write 2 ? Geographers Ask: Where? And Why? 2 Main Areas of Geography: Physical & Human Physical: Natural forces….climates, landforms, etc. Human: human activities…Religion, language…ways we make a living, cities, etc. w/in human – 2 main areas: culture & economy 1st ½ of book – culture…. 2nd ½ - economy

3. What is Geography? • Geography is the study of Earth in a spatial perspective • What does spatial mean? • Spatial = space • How things are laid out, organized, and arranged on the earth in different scales. • What are scales? • The level at which we look @ things • Examples: local, regional, national, or global

4. Using a map to spatially locate the source of a 1854 cholera outbreak in London. What scale is this map drawn at?

5. Map Scale: How much does it show? 5 streets? City? Country? Or..Continent? Locally or local scale: large scale; see unique aspects Globally or global scale: small scale; can see similarities **NOTE: large scale = small area small scale = large area; the smaller the scale the less detail is given (see slide)

6. Show map scale 3 ways : • fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000) • Graphic bar scale (see p. 10, fig. 3) • written statement (“1 inch equals 1 mi.) -left = distance on map -right = dist. on the Earth Note: large scale = small area small scale = large area The smaller the scale the less detail is given.

7. Scales on maps • On this map the scale is given as a representative fraction (1/253,440) and also as a ratio (1:253,440). • The fraction and the ratio mean the same thing: • that one unit of distance on the map represents 253,440 of the same units on the ground.

8. Which map would show the largest area? 1 / 2,500,739 Or 1:10,000

9. Scale Differences: Maps of Florida The effects of scale LARGE SCALE = small area… Small scale= LARGE AREA

10. MAPS • Maps: science of mapmaking = cartography • Map = 2D or flat- scale model of some part of the Earth • Mental Maps – Cognitive landscape in the human mind – accurate around our areas of home, school and workplace…elsewhere may be blank • 2 main purposes of maps: • Storing Reference Info: Ex.: How do we get from here to there? …or… Where is Zimbabwe? • Communications Tool • Ex.: Show migration or spread of disease

11. Types of maps & info on maps: • physical maps: show landforms of an area • Use colors to show relief—  difference levels in land elevations -green usually = lo elevations -orange or brown = hi elevations

12. Topographical Presents horizontal & vertical positions of features represented  -shows relief in measurable form. -Uses contour lines (isolines) to show the shape & elevation of an area (shape of the Earth’s surface) -Lines close together indicate steep terrain -Lines far apart indicate flat terrain.

13. Isolines • Isolines calculate date between points to show change in data • This Isoline map shows overage rainfall in Mexico • Weather maps showing temperature contours – use isotherms – and are the most common isoline maps

14. Political maps: show places divided by states (aka “countries”), cities, counties, etc.  -usually show rivers, major lakes, oceans, etc., elevations….capital cities show w/ star

15. Economic maps: type of thematic map that shows natural resources in areas and/or ways that people make a living; legends may show mines, factories, power plants, etc. NOTE: the economy of a country is the way the money is earned, used, spent, controlled, issued, invested, etc.

16. Thematic Maps: Provides info on a single topic (population, rainfall…) • Using Thematic Maps: shows comparison of statistical data, like population or income -can view facts about places by comparing the patterns of shaded areas or colors on the map. Dot Map

17. Thematic Maps Chloropleth: (Gk.: for “place” + “value or magnitude”): Thematic map w/ areas colored, shaded, dotted, or hatched so have darker/lighter areas in proportion to density of whatever aspect U R are looking -show amt. of some “phenomenon” (some event or thing which occurs) like ratios, %, etc., using these colors

18. Flow-line maps – use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern

19. Cartogram: Shows some quantity or value by shape or size of a region GDP Military Spending p. 47 Rubenstein – Population Distribution

20. Reference Maps- Tool to view boundaries of census  geographies, cities, counties, cities/towns, urban areas, congressionaldistricts, census tracts, census blocks, & more. Note: some of these terms overlap

21. MAP PROJECTIONS • To create maps, cartographers project the round Earth onto a flat surface — making a map projection. • There are many different map projections. • Distance, shape, direction, or size may be distorted by a projection. • Each has advantages and disadvantages.

22. MERCATOR PROJECTION • Flemish Cartographer: Gerardus Mercator 1569 • Purpose: Navigate ships across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe & the Americas • Used grid system of meridians and parallels - good for travelling east and west • BUT…distorts size of areas especially @ North and South poles • Antarctica and Greenland look HUGE on map

23. Mercator is conformal, meaning shapes stay the same. Mercator Projection

24. ROBINSON PROJECTION • Tries to correct for distortion in high north and south by curving those areas inward on paper • Longitude lines get closer @ North & South Poles – so sizes of landmasses are more accurate • BUT…other landmasses look smaller • Robinson attempts to balance all distortions by making errors in all 4 ways: • Shape, size, distance and direction • Good for general use and often used for wall maps in classrooms

26. Peter’s Projection • Arnold Peters – 1974 • Focuses on keeping landmasses equal in area • Shapes are distorted - resulting in map quite unfamiliar w/ most viewers • BUT…Humanitarian Aid groups tend to like this map because other maps have made Africa and Latin America seems smaller than they are

27. Peters Projection

28. Goode’s Homosoline Projection • Like the Robinson Projection - it tries to balance aarea and form • Sacrifices a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the earth’s surface

29. Interrupted Goode Homolosine Projection

30. Land Ordinance of 1785: pp. 10-12 Township & Range system used to divide western lands of USA Township (TS) = 6 sq. miles per side • each TS divided into 36 sections (1 mi x 1 mi.) • sections divided into quarter sec.’s which = a typical “homestead” (160 acres) for settlers Used principal meridians (some of the N & S lines) & base lines (some E & W lines) to form squares

31. Township & Range System in the U.S. Using GRIDS to lay out land areasPrincipal meridians & east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in NW Mississippi & topographic map of the area

32. : Remote sensing GIS GPS remote sensing:satellites orbiting (or other long-distance) give data RE: surface -shows vegetation, ice, weather patterns, etc.; scans like TV camera using pixels -resolution: smallest feature that can be picked up by the camera -some 1 meter across…weather satellites pick up several km across (need lg. area)

33. GPS: Global Positioning System: using map to find way to another location Can use hand-held or computers in cars - gets signal from GPS satellites

34. GIS INFORMATION SYSTEM Created fusing remote sensing Hi-perform. computer system; processes geog.-data -In layers: can show 1 or several at a time (F.1-5, p.12) -Shows earthquake faults, pop. data, manufacturing, soil types, etc. EX: of use: street map + pop. map = bus routes needed (# w/in walking distance of stop)

35. Layers of a GIS Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.