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Organic Reactions

This overview highlights essential organic reactions. Substitution involves replacing an atom or group in alkanes, while addition adds atoms to double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes. Examples include fermentation where glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Esterification combines acids and alcohols to produce esters and water, whereas saponification reverses this process to create soap. Additionally, combustion of hydrocarbons yields carbon dioxide and water. Lastly, polymerization forms larger molecules from monomers, with condensation and addition polymerization being key processes.

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Organic Reactions

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  1. Organic Reactions Page 696 in Text Page 10:41 in Regents Review Book

  2. Substitution • Definition: replacement of one kid of atom or group by another kind of atom or group in alkanes only • Example:

  3. Addition • Definition: Adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond in alkenes and alkynes but not in alkanes because there are no multiple bonds • Example:

  4. Fermentation • Glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2 Glucose Ethanol Carbon Dioxide

  5. Esterification • The reaction between an acid and an alcohol produce and ester and water Example: ethanoic acid + methanol → methyl ethanoate + water

  6. Saponification • The reverse of esterification • Esters break into acid and alcohol • Produces soap Fat + Strong Base → soap + glycerol Salt of an acid Alcohol

  7. Combustion • Burning a hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen • Produces CO2 + H2O

  8. Polymerization • Smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a larger molecule (polymers) • Condensation Polymerization – dehydration (remove water) to form a polymer • Naturally occuring polymers include starch, protein and cellulose. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/petpolymeranimate.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/condensationpolymer.html&h=144&w=767&sz=45&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=ICrvq9jBZmRwJM:&tbnh=27&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcondensation%2Bpolymerization%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26sa%3DN

  9. Polymerization • Addition Polymerization • Monomers joining together by breaking a double or triple bond to form a polymer Ethene breaking bonds to form polyethylene

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