Homer, Iliad, and Odyssey. HOMER Eighth century BCE. 朗誦史詩 《 伊里亞德 》 可能有強健身心的效果. 動人心弦的詩篇 美麗的詩句真的可以對心臟傳達情意 http://sa.ylib.com/news/newsshow.asp?FDocNo=570&CL=33 Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmRg_er_FR8&feature=related. Review: Minoan and Mycenaean.
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Greek literature begins with. . . • Greek literature begins with two masterpieces, the Iliad and Odyssey, • which cannot be accurately dated (the conjectural dates range over three centuries) • and which are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom nothing is known except his name.
The blind bard Demodocus • The Greeks believed that he was blind, perhaps because the bard Demodocus in the Odyssey was blind and seven different cities put forward claims to be his birthplace.
Homer: Oral Tradition • It was a blurred memory • (Homer does not remember the writing, for example, or the detailed bureaucratic accounting recorded on the tablets) • and this is easy to understand: • some time in the last century of the millennium the great palaces were destroyed by fire. Alice Y. Chang
Mycenaean wealth the Dark Age • With them disappeared not only the arts and skills that had created Mycenaean wealth but even the system of writing. • For the next few hundred years the Greeks were illiterate and so no written evidence survives for what, in view of our ignorance about so many aspects of it, we call the Dark Age of Greece. Alice Y. Chang
Dolphin fresco • A detail of the restored Dolphin fresco on the wall of the Queen’s Room in the Minoan palace at Knossos. • The rosette pattern below the dolphins is typically Minoan and the whole fresco probably dates from the last phase of the New palace, around 1450-1400 BCE. Alice Y. Chang
the Trojan War and Mycenaean Age • The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the Trojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth century B.C. Alice Y. Chang
the Mycenaean Age • Though the poems do preserve some faded memories of the Mycenaean Age, as we have them they probably are the creation of later centuries, the tenth to the eighth B.C., the so-called Dark Age that succeeded the collapse (or destruction) of Mycenaean civilization.
Iliad and the Ionian landscape • The Iliad contains several accurate descriptions of natural features of the Ionian landscape, but his grasp of the geography of mainland, especially western, Greece is unsure.
About to the age of writing… • The two great epics that have made his name supreme among poets may have been fixed in something like their present form before the art of writing was in general use in Greece; • it is certain that they were intended not for reading but for oral recitation.
Oral tradition literacy • The earliest stages of their composition date from around the beginnings of Greek literacy—the late eighth century B.C. • The poems exhibit the unmistakable characteristics of oral composition.
the immense poetic reserve • Of course he could and did invent new phrases and scenes as he recited—but his base was the immense poetic reserve created by many generations of singers who lived before him.
story of Achilles and his wrath • When he told again for his hearers the old story of Achilles and his wrath, he was recreating a traditional story that had been recited, with variations, additions, and improvements, by a long line of predecessors.
The Iliad Sing, goddess, the rage of Achilles the son of Peleus,the destructive rage that sent countless ills on the Achaeans...
Agamemnon — King of Mycenae; leader of the Greeks. Achilles — King of the Myrmidons. Odysseus— King of Ithaca; the wiliest Greek commander, and hero of the Odyssey. Menelaus— King of Sparta; husband of Helen. Aias (Ajax the Greater) — son of Telamon, with Diomedes, he is second to Achilles in martial prowess. Aias (Ajax the Lesser) — son of Oileus, often partner of Ajax the Greater. Diomedes— son of Tydeus, King of Argos. The Achaeans—the Hellenes (Greeks), Danaans, and Argives
Priam — the aged King of Troy. Hector — son of King Priam; the foremost Trojan warrior. Paris — Helen’s lover-abductor. Agenor — a Trojan warrior who attempts to fight Achilles (Book XXI). Dolon—a spy upon the Greek camp (Book X). Antenor — King Priam’s advisor, who argues for returning Helen to end the war; Paris refuses. Aeneas — son of Anchises and Aphrodite. Deiphobus — brother of Hector and Paris. Polydorus — son of Priam and Laothoe. The Trojan men
The Trojan women Hecuba— Priam’s wife; mother of Hector, Cassandra, Paris, and others. • Helen— Menelaus’s wife; espoused first to Paris, then to Deiphobus. • Andromache— Hector’s wife; mother of Astyanax • Cassandra— Priam’s daughter; courted by Apollo, who bestows the gift of prophecy to her; upon her rejection, he curses her, and her warnings of Trojan doom go unheeded.
Cassandra • In Greek mythology, Cassandra was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy. However, when she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions.
Cassandra 'syndrome • The Cassandra metaphor (variously labelled the Cassandra 'syndrome', 'complex', 'phenomenon', 'predicament', 'dilemma', or 'curse'), is a term applied in situations in which valid warnings or concerns are dismissed or disbelieved.
Nostos— homecoming • occurs seven times in the poem (II.155, II.251, IX.413, IX.434, IX.622, X.509, XVI.82); • thematically, the concept of homecoming is much explored in Ancient Greek literature, especially in the post-war homeward fortunes experienced by Atreidae, Agamemnon, and Odysseus (see the Odyssey), thus, nostos is impossible without sacking Troy — King Agamemnon’s motive for winning, at any cost.
Richmond Lattimore translates: • For my mother Thetis the goddess of silver feet tells meI carry two sorts of destiny toward the day of my death. Either,if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long lifeleft for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.
timê –respect, honor • the concept denoting the respectability an honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life. • In Book I, the Greek troubles begin with King Agamemnon’s dishonorable, unkinglybehavior — first, by threatening the priest Chryses (1.11), then, by aggravating them in disrespecting Achilles, by confiscating Bryseis from him (1.171). • The warrior’s consequentrancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Greek military cause.
Kleos— glory, fame • is the concept of glory earned in heroic battle; • for most of the Greek invaders of Troy, notably Odysseus, kleos is earned in a victorious nostos (homecoming), yet not for Achilles, he must choose one reward, either nostos or kleos. • In Book IX (IX.410–16), he poignantly tells Agamemnon’s envoys—Odysseus, Phoenix, Ajax— begging his reinstatement to battle about having to choose between two fates (9.411). • Fame imperishable
The Wrath of Achilles • His personal rage and wounded soldier’s vanity propel the story — the Greeks’ faltering in battle, the slayings of Patroclus and Hector, and the fall of Troy. In Book I, the Wrath of Achilles first emerges in the Achilles-convoked meeting, between the Greek kings and Calchas, the Seer. King Agamemnon dishonours Chryses, the Trojan Apollonian priest, by refusing with a threat the restitution of his daughter, Chryseis — despite the proffered ransom of “gifts beyond count”; [12] the insulted priest prays his god’s help — and a nine-day rain of arrows falls upon the Greeks.
Zeus’s divine intervention • After that, only Athena stays Achilles' wrath. • He vows to never again to obey orders from Agamemnon. • Furious, Achilles cries to his mother, Thetis, who persuades Zeus’s divine intervention — favouring the Trojans—until Achilles' rights are restored.
Hector kills Patroclus. • Meanwhile, Hector leads the Trojans to almost pushing the Greeks back to the sea (Book XII); • later, Agamemnon contemplates defeat and retreat to Greece (Book XIV). • Again, the Wrath of Achilles turns the war’s tide in seeking vengeance when Hector kills Patroclus. • Aggrieved, Achilles tears his hair and dirties his face; Thetis comforts her mourning son …
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