Looking back at photosynthesis

1. Looking back at photosynthesis Plants make both: ATP sugars light energy  CO2 + H2O + + O2 C6H12O6 H2O CO2 sunlight ADP SugarBuilding Reactions Energy Building Reactions ATP sugars C6H12O6 O2

2. Whoa! Hot stuff! What is energy in biology? Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy ATP

3. fuel(carbohydrates) CO2 + H2O + heat ATP O2 O2 food(carbohydrates) “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

4. Whoa! Pass me the glucose& oxygen! Using ATP to do work? ATP • Can’t store ATP • too unstable • only used in cell that produces it • only short term energy storage • carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage work ADP + P A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

5. { • resting energy • activity • temperature control { • growth • reproduction { • glycogen • fat A Body’s Energy Budget ATP eatfood synthesis storage

6. glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Harvesting energy stored in food • Cellular respiration • breaking down food to produce ATP • in mitochondria • using oxygen • formula shows glucose, but that is just an example • could be other sugars, fats or proteins

7. food O2 ATP What do we need to make energy? Make ATP!Make ATP!All I do all day…And no oneeven notices! • The “Furnace” • mitochondria • Fuel • food • carbohydrates, fats, proteins • The Helpers • oxygen • “aerobic” • enzymes

8. Three Stages • Glycolysis • Krebs/Citric acid cycle • Electron transport chain 32 2 2 Aerobic Anaerobic

9. Breaking it down… glycolysis • Step 1 = _____________ • Anaerobic • Occurs incytoplasm • Glucose in • Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP out

10. Let’s keep on trucking… Citric acid cycle • Step 2 = ____________ • aka Krebs cycle – the merry-go-round of energy! • Aerobic • Occurs in mitochondria • Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH in • 2 ATP, carbon dioxide, hydrogens, and energized electrons out

11. The big finale! • Step 3 = __________________ • Aerobic • Occurs in mitochondria • Stair step release of energy from electrons used to make 32 ATP and water Electron transport chain

12. There are two types of respiration:

13. O2 What if oxygen is missing? • Can’t complete aerobic respiration • Occurs in the cytoplasm • alcohol fermentation • yeast • glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol • make beer, wine, bread • lactic acid fermentation • bacteria, animals • glucose  ATP +lactic acid • make yogurt • animals feel muscle fatigue but only makes a net of 2 ATP!

14. The BIG picture • Oxygen, glucose, and water in • Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out

15. + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP dioxide light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 How are they connected? Respiration Photosynthesis

16. sun glucose H2O The Great Circleof Life! Where’s Mufasa? Energy cycle Photosynthesis plants CO2 O2 animals, plants Cellular Respiration ATP

19. 2 Pyruvic Acid Happens in the cytoplasm !!!

20. Alcohol Fermentation • Used to make bread and alcohol products • uses yeast • Produces CO2 and alcohol • In making bread alcohol burns off and CO2 makes bread rise • In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used to produce the beverage, CO2 is released

21. No oxygen present in some plants or fungi-Anaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid

22. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Used to make yogurt and some cheeses – the producer of these is bacteria OR • When muscles are overly exerted the oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid then builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day.

23. No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria. Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Lactic Acid

24. We use lactic acid fermentation • When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise • The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle) • This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose. • Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals !

25. Electron Transport Chain This is our friend NADH

26. Putting it all together • Making a living… • sunlight • leaves = solar collectors • photosynthesis • gases: CO2 in & O2 out • stomates = gases in & out • H2O • roots take in water from soil • pulled up by leaf evaporation • nutrients • roots take in from soil

27. xylem (water) phloem (sugar) cuticle epidermis palisades layer spongy layer stomate guardcell Leaf Structure O2 H2O CO2 • gases in & out • water out • transpiration O2 H2O CO2

28. Stomates • Function of stomates • CO2 in • O2 out • H2O out guard cell stomate

29. Xylem carry water up from roots

30. Phloem: food-conducting cells • carry sugars down to wherever they are needed • Extra stored in roots

32. Glucose Pyruvic Acid Without Oxygen Without Oxygen With Oxygen Lactic Acid- (Muscle Lab) (animals & bacteria) Ethanol— Yeast & Apple Juice Mini-Lab-(only some fungi and some plants)

33. CYTOPLASM (2) Pyruvic Acid +2 ATP +about 32 ATP +2 ATP ABOUT 36 ATP ! CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION

35. Anaerobic Respiration • Anaerobic = does not require oxygen • (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP • Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria • Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle

36. Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic = requires oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria • Breaks down glucose completely and creates a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP • Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle