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A new approach to nowcasting at the Met Office Brian Golding Head of Forecasting Research Met Office. 8 th September 2005. Acknowledgements. Clive Pierce Stephen Moseley Humphrey Lean Nigel Roberts Malcolm Kitchen Roger Saunders Peter Clark Roderick Smith Bob Moore Vicky Bell
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A new approach to nowcasting at the Met Office Brian Golding Head of Forecasting Research Met Office 8th September 2005
Acknowledgements • Clive Pierce • Stephen Moseley • Humphrey Lean • Nigel Roberts • Malcolm Kitchen • Roger Saunders • Peter Clark • Roderick Smith • Bob Moore • Vicky Bell • & many others
Outline • History: Nowcasts from combined extrapolation & NWP • Improved observational & NWP forecast data • Future: Nowcasts from post-processed convective scale NWP
Scales of Motion & Predictability 1000km 100km 10km 1km ExtratropicalCyclone Space Scale MCS* Front Thunderstorm Hail shaft Lifetime Predictability Nowcast 10mins 1 hr 12hrs 3 days 30mins 3 hrs 36hrs 9 days 5mins 30min 6hrs 36hrs * Mesoscale Convective System
Log Scale Nowcast (Extrapolation Forecast) Limit (“Perfect Forecast”) Information Content NWP (Model Forecast) 10 0.01 0.1 1 Log Scale (days) Forecast Length Basis for nowcasting
Log Scale Nowcast (Extrapolation Forecast) Limit (“Perfect Forecast”) Nimrod Information Content NWP (Model Forecast) 10 0.01 0.1 1 Log Scale (days) Forecast Length Basis for Nimrod
Nimrod • Nimrod implemented 1996 • 6 hour nowcasts of: • Precipitation rate, accumulation & type • Lightning • Visibility, low cloud, temperature & humidity • Wind & pressure • Based on • Fusion of observation sources including radar & satellite • Extrapolation of analysis • Merged with mesoscale NWP output • 5/15km grid – now 2km for precipitation • Hourly output - now 5mins for precipitation • Updated hourly - now 15 mins for precipitation
Log Scale Nowcast (Extrapolation Forecast) Limit (“Perfect Forecast”) Hi Res NWP Information Content NWP (Model Forecast) 10 0.01 0.1 1 Log Scale (days) Forecast Length Basis for using convective scale NWP
Improved observational & NWP forecast data • Radar: Radarnet IV, implemented summer 2005 • Satellite: Autosat IV, Meteosat 8, implemented summer 2004 • Convective Scale NWP, implemented 2005
Improved radar processing • Centralised processing system • Processing in polar coordinates • Vertical profile correction for bright band, beam filling, attenuation & range • Clutter/anaprop removal using advanced signal processing & complementary data sources (satellite, lightning, surface) • Main benefit – • improved infilling in areas of clutter contamination
Improved radar clutter handling Radarnet III Radarnet IV Frequency of detection (Jersey) Rain rate (Corse Hill)
Meteosat-8 Cloud Processing • Cloud mask - combination of single channel threshold tests: • Meteosat-7: Vis, IR • Meteosat-8: Vis0.6, Vis 0.8, IR3.9, IR8.7, IR10.8, IR12.0 • Cloud top height - • Meteosat-7: match of satellite BT to NWP forecast temperature allowing for boundary layer stability. (IR only) • Meteosat-8: variational fit of satellite BTs to NWP forecast BTs allowing for boundary layer stability (IR6.2, IR7.3, IR8.7, IR10.8, IR12.0, IR13.4 ) • Main benefit – • Low cloud detection at night, especially for use in fog nowcasting and spurious radar echo removal
Improved Cloud Top Height Visible Meteosat 7 Meteosat-8 IR
Convective Scale NWP • 3-hourly 4km UK NWP system, available within 1 hour of data time, implemented 2005 • On-demand 1km sub-area model on trial • Hourly 1km UK NWP system, available within 1 hour of data time, planned for implementation by 2010
Boscastle flash flood (16/8/2004) accumulations using 1km grid convective scale NWP 1km Radar
Visibility prediction with High Resolution NWP Visibility (m)
Scale dependent forecast skill for heavy rain location in 16 forecasts from 4 cases in summer 2003
Future: Nowcasts from post-processed NWP • Integral part of NWP suite – all model output processed – minimise changes, consistent with benefit. • Products transparent to different models at different lead times (initially T+36 with Rapid Update to T+6 but will be extended to T+144 or longer) • Regrid and downscale to 2km: • Model currently on 4km grid, but only resolves >~20km scales & orography • Rapid Update Cycle to adjust key variables to latest observations • Hourly (15min for precipitation), regardless of model update frequency • Update precipitation to Radar analysis every 15 minutes • Update visibility, cloud (& T, RH) to satellite/surface observations every hour • Update wind/pressure to surface observations every hour • Adjust early part of each forecast towards extrapolated analysis • Integrate uncertainty estimates for all variables • Diagnose required products from updated variables
UK NWP model & post-processing domains • New 4km grid, ~20km resolution, UK NWP model, implemented 2005 • Products downscaled to 2km grid & topography on standard projection and domain
Rapid Update : Precipitation Rate • Generate analysis using radar where it has good visibility, and elsewhere using variational blending of: • Meteosat visible and infrared imagery calibrated against radar • Lightning fixes (minimum rain rate) • A very short period forecast • Surface in situ weather reports • Generate adjusted NWP forecast using STEPS: • Compute advection field using optic flow algorithm, • Decompose analysis into scale cascade, • Merge model, advected analysis, autocorrelated noise, orographic enhancement, • Recompose forecast.
Satellite images define highest cloud layer Model forecast & surface visual cloud type observations define intermediate cloud layers Surface visual & instrumental observations define lower cloud layers Rapid Update: Cloud 29 horizontal levels, focussed near ground Analysis uses METEOSAT imagery & surface observations with forecast 1st guess Precipitating cloud moved with precipitation vectors Non-precipitating cloud moved with model layer wind Merged with model cloud forecast
Observations Satellite area of fog/low cloud x x x x x x x x x Rapid Update: Visibility • 2km grid; liquid water temperature and total water variables • analysis based on METEOSAT-8 imagery and surface observations • extrapolation forecast is persistence • merged with mesoscale model forecast • hill fog added from cloud forecast
Uncertainty estimates Presenting NWP positional forecast uncertainty for Boscastle flash flood (a) exceedance probability (b) probable maximum for warning areas • Precipitation – STEPS noise cascade • Fog – humidity pdf • Snow – land height / fractional melting • Lightning – flash rate expressed as return period • Severe weather – Bayesian predictor combination • NWP positional uncertainty • Short Range EPS • ECMWF EPS
Diagnostic outputs • Precipitation type • Snow & hail probability, freezing rain & drizzle • Severe Weather indicators • Large hail, frequent lightning & tornadoes • Road State • MOSES-PDM-RFM • Soil moisture, run-off & river flow • Fire risk • Structural icing risk • Strong wind risk to power transmission • Distinguish normal impact risk from probability of extreme impact beyond normal planned responses.
Simulated river flow for Carlisle flood (8/1/2005) <85% 85-95% 95-100% >100%
Summary • Expect 1km grid NWP to be operational by 2010 • Improved NWP resolution restricts value of extrapolation to shorter lead times • Extrapolation is one of many techniques for enhancing the value of NWP output • Incorporate nowcasting in NWP post-processing: • downscaling to standard grid • frequent rapid update to latest radar/satellite/in situ observations • incorporation of uncertainty • diagnosis of impacts.