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Centuries of Turmoil

Centuries of Turmoil. Pages 575 to 579. Foreign Invaders. Nomads from Central Asia dominated ME in the 1000s Wanted fertile land of the Mesopotamia. Crusaders. Pope Urban II called for in 1095 Crusade - holy war

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Centuries of Turmoil

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  1. Centuries of Turmoil Pages 575 to 579

  2. Foreign Invaders • Nomads from Central Asia dominated ME in the 1000s • Wanted fertile land of the Mesopotamia

  3. Crusaders • Pope Urban II called for in 1095 • Crusade- holy war Christian and Western regions to lead crusades- (France, Germany, England, & Italy) • Against the Muslims • Goal= Recapture Palestine (the Holy Land)

  4. Why was Palestine the Holy Land? • Because Jesus lived and died there.

  5. 1st Crusade • 1096 • Crusaders slaughtered Muslim and Jewish residents in order to take over Jerusalem. • Set up Christian kingdoms along the Mediterranean

  6. Continued… • Crusades had limited effect • Western Europe less advanced than ME at the time • Brilliant Muslim general, Saladin, drove Christians out of Jerusalem

  7. Saladin: A Noble Warrior 1100s • Respected by both Muslims and Christians • Conquered Jerusalem without killing its inhabitants • Broke tradition of making defeated peoples slaves

  8. Ottoman Empire • 1300s • Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia who converted to Islam • Empire stretched from Europe, across the Middle East to North Africa • Captured Constantinople (Capital of Byzantine Empire) • Stunned European Christians

  9. Continued… • Ottomans renamed capital Istanbul • OE lasted for over 500 years • Head of gov’t= sultan had a lot of people run empire • Men of pen= lawyers, judges, mathematicians • Men of the sword= soldiers/slaves

  10. Role of Ottoman Slaves • Conquered peoples became slaves • Converted Christian slaves to Islam • When slaves converted they became free Othman I, Founder of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan 1299-1326

  11. The Millets • Millets- non-Muslim communities • Owed loyalty to sultan, but each had its own religious leader

  12. The Safavid Empire (Iran today) • 1500s chief rival of OE • Two empires waged bloody wars for control of Mesopotamia • Safavid= Shiite • Ottoman= Sunni

  13. Continued… • Safavid Empire lasted until 1736 • Ruled by shahs, or kings • Iran was ruled by shahs until 1979!

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