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Organic Reactions

Organic Reactions. Combustion. Reaction with O 2 – burning For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO 2 & H 2 O Insufficient O 2 – C, CO, & H 2 O C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g). Substitution. Start with a saturated hydrocarbon

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Organic Reactions

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  1. Organic Reactions

  2. Combustion • Reaction with O2 – burning • For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO2 & H2O • Insufficient O2 – C, CO, & H2O C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

  3. Substitution • Start with a saturated hydrocarbon • Replace 1 or more H atom with another atom or group. Get 2 products (swap). C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl HCCH + ClCl  HCCH + HCl H H H Cl H H H H

  4. Addition • Add across a double or triple bond. • Start with an unsaturated hydrocarbon. • Get only 1 saturated product. (1 answer) HC=CH + ClCl  HCCH C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 H H Cl Cl H H

  5. Esterification • Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water HCCOH + HOCCCH  O H H H H = H H H H H  O H H H = HCCOCCCH + H2O  H H H H

  6. Saponification • Making Soap • Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

  7. H  C  C  C  H O = H OCC17H35 NaOH NaOH NaOH O = H OCC17H35  + O = H OCC17H35 FAT + Base  (Triglyceride)

  8. H  COH  COH  COH  H O = NaOCC17H35 H O = + H NaOCC17H35 O H = NaOCC17H35 Soap Glycerol

  9. Fermentation • Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2 C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 zymase carbon dioxide sugar ethanol

  10. What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in pop bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common? • They are all giant molecules called polymers. • Poly means many • Mers means parts

  11. Polymers • Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units. • Analogy = chain consisting of many links • Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu • Monomer: Molecule from which a polymer is made. Starting material.

  12. Natural Polymers • Wool • Silk • Rubber • Starch • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  13. Synthetic Polymers • Plastics – polyethylene, PVC • Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester • Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane • Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer

  14. Polymerization Reactions • Addition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated. • Condensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

  15. Addition Polymerization segmer H H H H H H H H       CCCCCC       H H H H H H   n C=C    H H Ethene = monomer n Polyethylene = polymer

  16. Polyethylene Varieties • Milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys, & plastic grocery bags • Shrink-wrap films, sandwich bags, garment bags, grocery bags • Bottle caps

  17. Substituted Ethylenes H H C=C H CH3 H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H  H  H  H   CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery

  18. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) H H C=C H Cl H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl  Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipes Replace the H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap.

  19. Teflon F F F F F F CCCCCC F F F F F F F F C=C F F n 

  20. Condensation Polymerization H H HOCCOH H H H H HOCCOH H H + H H H H HOCCOCCOH H H H H + H2O 

  21. Condensation Polymerization • Split out a small molecule such as H2O. • Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.

  22. Nylon - 1935 HOCCCCCCOH O O = = +  NH2CCCCCCNH2 O O H H   = = CCCCCCNCCCCCCN n + H2O

  23. Congratulations!!!! You’re finished! source

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