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Introduction to Biosensors

Introduction to Biosensors. Prof. Xingwei Wang. 1. Brain Storm. What do you think of biosensor?. 2. Brain Storm. What do you think of biosensor?. -- Detection of anthrax biological threat?. -- Glucose meters?. -- QCM?. -- Food safety?. -- Biology? Engineering?.

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Introduction to Biosensors

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  1. Introduction to Biosensors Prof. Xingwei Wang 1

  2. Brain Storm • What do you think of biosensor? 2

  3. Brain Storm • What do you think of biosensor? -- Detection of anthrax biological threat? -- Glucose meters? -- QCM? -- Food safety? -- Biology? Engineering? -- 10.8 billion market? 10.4% growth rate? 3

  4. Significance & Great Demands Civil defense Food safety Criminology Environmental Monitoring Public Health Pathology 4

  5. Brief History • 1956, Prof. Clark, Father of biosensor concept, Invention of the oxygen electrode • 1962, First description of a biosensor • 1972/5, First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose biosensor • 1975, First immunosensor • 1980, First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases • 1983, First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor • 1987, Launch of the MediSense ExacTech™ blood glucose biosensor • 1990, Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR-based biosensor system • 1992, i-STAT launches hand-held blood analyser • 1996, Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million • 1998, Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor • 1998, Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche Diagnostics • 2001, LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing business for $1.3billion 5

  6. What is a Biosensor • A device that uses biological components e.g. enzymes to indicate the amount of a biomaterial • Trace biomaterial? – Unnecessary (Eg. Metal ion, etc.) • Quantitative results? – Unnecessary (Eg., Pregnancy test) 6

  7. Components Transducer Bio Recognition Element Signal Output Requires: Simple read out and data interpretation; Easy to use; Quick response. Electrochemical Optical Enzymes; Antibodies; Receptors; Whole cells... Requires: Sample Immobilization 7

  8. Performance Factors • Sensitivity: Concentration; weight • Specificity/Selectivity: discriminate between substrates • Speed: Bench->Chip->Real Time • Accuracy: False signal • Cost • Easy to use • Life time 8

  9. Biosensing for Macromolecules • Steps: • Immobilization • Mixing • Washing the non-specific bindings • Signal transduction • Markers: • Enzymes • Fluorescence tags • Radioactive tags • Molecular: • Waston-Crick Base pairing • Antibody-Antigen binding 9

  10. Immunosensor • Antibody can be against • Bacteria • Complex carbohydrates • Smaller organic molecules 10

  11. DNA Complementary Chains • Four nitrogen bases • Complementary chains A T C G G C T A 11

  12. Six Steps • Select the single-stranded capture DNA sequence • Attach the capture DNA strand to a probe • Introduce the samples to be identified to the probes • Hybridization will occur if the sample is complementary with the capture sequence on the probe • Wash away the remaining unattached samples • Judgment 12

  13. Transducer • Electrochemical (Potentiometric, Voltammetric, Amperometry, Conductimetric) • Optical (Fluorescence, Absorbance, Light scattering, Refractive index) • Mechanical, Thermal, Piezoelectric, Magnetic 13

  14. Glucose Sensor http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue6/Biosensors-%20Elements.htm 14

  15. Microcantilevers From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm 15

  16. Medical Telesensor • An array of chips to monitor body functions • Wireless transmission • Military: Locate wounded soldiers • Domestic: Intensive patients From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm 16

  17. Broad Potential Applications • Warfighter Physiological Status Monitoring (WPSM): remote triage of injured Soldiers • Heart rate, breaths taken, skin temperature and ballistic impact • Foster-Miller (Waltham, Mass.) Putting these sensors on a belt that's sewn into a shirt (Picture from www.primordial.com/.../Hardware_Soldier_w640.png) 18

  18. Benefits Academia Biosensor Industry Military 19

  19. Challenges and Trend • Cheap • Sensitive • Selective • Speed • Portable • Simple • Cost • Sensitivity • Selectivity • Speed • Small? • Ease to use? • Integrated • Mass produced • Multiple analytes 20

  20. Multidisciplinary Nature Market Optics Biology Biosensor Electronics Chemistry Instrumentation Physics 21

  21. Worldwide Biosensor Vendor Market, 2003 22

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