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Serial Killers

Serial Killers. Updated 09/09/2012. Types of Multiple Killers. Mass Spree Serial # of victims 4+ 2+ 2+ # of events 1 1 2+ # of locations 1 2+ 2+ Cooling-off period no no yes.

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Serial Killers

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  1. Serial Killers Updated 09/09/2012

  2. Types of Multiple Killers MassSpreeSerial # of victims 4+ 2+ 2+ # of events 1 1 2+ # of locations 1 2+ 2+ Cooling-off period no no yes Note: # of victims for serial killers was revised from 3 to 2 at the 2005 FBI-sponsored symposium on serial murder.

  3. Radford Serial Killer Database Currently has 2,756 serial killers 1,788 from the U.S. 968 from other countries Began with student serial killer timelines 18 years of data collection Goals Accurate information for my forensic psychology class lectures Provide accurate information to the public Potentially assist law enforcement using statistical profiling models

  4. Creating the Database Compiling names of serial killers What is a serial killer? 2 or more victims (this is a change in definition) 2 separate events Cooling off period in between Determine whether person is actually a serial killer or a Spree killer Mass killer None of the above We eliminated 473 people found on common serial killers lists that are not actually serial killers Issues What to do with people who have killed once and clearly would have killed again had they not been caught? What about a person with one kill and nine attempts? Suspected v. confessed v. convicted

  5. Creating the Database Gathering Information Sources True-crime books Newspaper articles On-line prison records Court documents Ancestry.com Internet sites Issues Accuracy of information Availability of information

  6. Creating the Database Gathering Information Information Obtained (141 variables) Demographics (age, sex, race, country, state, city) Childhood info Birth order, raised by, teased, abused Education and IQ Vocational and military history Criminal and forensic record Information about the crime Method, victim, location, partner Information about the trial NRGI, sentence, confession, New Section on Victims Names & dates Excellent check for data accuracy and will be useful in studying victims rather than killers Information on 7,400 U.S. victims to date

  7. Classifying the Killers Motive Financial, thrill, power, revenge, anger, convenience Victim Age, sex, race High risk vs. low risk Acquaintance vs. stranger Location (e.g., home invasion, street, hospital) Method Strangle, bludgeon, shoot, stab, suffocate, poison

  8. Classifying the Killers Kills family Black widow (financial gain) Bluebeard (power) Attention (Munchhausen by proxy) Kills patients or other dependents Angel of death (power) Lethal caretakers (financial gain) Baby farmers (financial gain)

  9. Classifying the Killers Home invasion Rape or no sex Robbery or just killing Age of victim (elderly, family, adult female) Type of weapon used Torture? Overkill or mutilation? Staging, posing, totems?

  10. Problems with DatesDate of Victim Death • Date victim actually died • Date of attempted kill (might be different if the person was in the hospital for several days before death) • Date last seen • Date reported missing • Date body was found • Date reported by killer • Source differences • State death index • Social security index • Prison Inmate Locator information • Court transcripts

  11. Problems with LocationsCity, County, State • Location of abduction • Location of killing • Location where body was dumped • Location where body was found • Burial location

  12. Serial Killer Frequency • Hickey (2010) • 352 males and 64 females in U.S. from 1826-2004 • 158 males and 30 females in U.S. from 1970-2004 • Gorby (2000) • 300 international serial killers from 1800-1995 • Radford University Data Base (9/08/2012) • 2,756 serial killers • US: 1,788 • International: 968 • Number of serial killers varies with each update because many names listed as serial killers are not actually serial killers and new serial killers are added Updated 09/08/2012

  13. 1,788 United States 101 Italy 98 South Africa 95 England 82 Japan 72 Germany 59 Canada 48 Australia 47 France 37 Russia 31 India 28 China 20 Mexico 14 Brazil 13 Scotland 10 Poland Serial Killers by Country

  14. Problems with International Comparisons • Language issues in finding serial killers in other countries • Easier to find the “two kill” people in the U.S. than in other countries • Centralization of records • Media policy about publicizing murders

  15. U.S. Serial Killers by Decade(Decade of First Kill) 24 35 29 28 27 39 132 364 475 371 194 16 Updated 9/08/2012

  16. Age • Age at the start of the series • Potential problems • Should we use age at first kill rather than first kill in series? • 6% killed prior to the start of the series • Should we use age at first attempted murder • Many of the older serial killers spent time in prison prior to their series • Simple descriptive statistics • Mean = 28.4 (SD = 9.3) • Median = 27 • Youngest = 9 (Robert Dale Segee, final kill was at age 21) • Oldest = 72 (Ray Copeland) • Only 27.5% actually fall into their mid-to-late 20’s (24 – 29) Updated 09/08/2012

  17. General Serial Killer ProfileAge at First Kill Updated 09/08/2012

  18. General Serial Killer ProfileDemographics – Average age is 28.1 • Males • 29.0 is average age at first kill • 9 is the youngest (Robert Dale Segee) • 72 is the oldest (Ray Copeland) • Jesse Pomeroy (Boston in the 1870s) • Killed 2 people and tortured 8 by the age of 14 • Spent 58 years in solitary confinement until he died • Females • 30.9 is average age at first kill • 11 is youngest (Mary Flora Bell) • 66 is oldest (Faye Copeland) Updated 09/10/2011

  19. A Problem with Profiling • Typical Serial Killer Profile in the Media • A white, male, in his mid to late twenties • Statistics (U.S. Serial Killers) • Male (91.4%) • White (52.4%) • Mid to late twenties (28.6%) • White, male (45.3%) • White male in his mid to late twenties (12.7%) Updated 09/08/2012

  20. Gender Changes Across TimeU.S. & International Serial Killers Updated 09/09/2012

  21. Race • Most media sources suggest that non-White serial killers are rare • Justin Cottrell (2012) • Rise of the Black Serial Killer • Found hundreds of Black serial killers that were not on other lists • Extensive search was useful but might now overestimate the percentage of Black serial killers because a similar extensive search was not used for other races (including Whites)

  22. General Serial Killer ProfileRace Updated 09/09/2012

  23. Racial Changes Across TimeU.S. Serial Killers Updated 09/09/2012

  24. Serial Killing is a White Thing1980-2009 Updated 09/09/2012

  25. 44 Jake Bird 27 Coral Eugene Watts 23 Wayne Williams 19 Edward Suratt 17 Clementine Barnabet Milton Johnson 16 John Muhammad/Lee Boyd Malvo Vincent Darrell Groves 15 Richard Jameswhite Fred Glover O’Delle, Pearl, & Peyton Jackson John Reed RaceProlific African American Serial Killers • 14 Jesse Lee Cooks • Larry Green • Vincent Groves • Hulon Mitchell • Manuel Moore • J.C.X. Simon • Chester Dwayne Turner • Clarence Walker

  26. 27 Angel Colon Maldonado 25 Juan Corona 23 Adolfo Constanzo 16 Richard Ramirez Angel Maturino Resendiz 12 Robert Rubane Diaz Timothy Joseph McGhee 11 Juan Chavez 10 Eddie Seda 9 Jorge Beniquez 9 Rolando Garcia 9 Alfredo R. Prieto 9 Dorothea Puente 7 Fernando Cota 7 Tondy Herrera 7 Diana Lumbrera 7 David Villarreal 6 Juan Cordoba 6 Timothy Joseph McGhee 6 Paul Ruiz 6 Efren Saldivar 5 Ricardo Caputo 5 Ramon T. Hernandez 5 Leslie Torres RaceProlific Hispanic Serial Killers

  27. 49 Gary Ridgeway 48 Amy Archer-Gilligan 41 Billy Gohl Belle Gunness 40 Charles Cullen 37 Donald Harvey 36 Ted Bundy 35 Dr. Michael Swango 34 Gerard Schaefer 33 John Wayne Gacy Bruce Alan Davis 32 Patrick Kearney 31 Jane Toppan 30 Stanley Bernson Morris Bolber 29 Charles Cullen 28 David Douglas Hill 27 Dean Corrl, David Brooks Elmer Henley Herman Mudgett RaceProlific U.S. White Serial Killers

  28. Media/Internet High IQ Our Database (N = 202) Mean = 95.1 Median = 89.0 Range (54 – 165) Rape Yes (94.2) No (96.3) Type Organized (99.6) Disorganized (93.2) Method of Killing Bomb (140.3) Gun (93.0) Hands (95.0) Serial Killer IQ Updated 09/08/2012

  29. Are IQ Scores Reliable? • You can fake dumb, but you can’t fake smart • People scoring lower than 70 cannot be executed (Atkins v. Virginia, 2002) • David Leonard Wood • 1977 – Age 19 – 111 • 1980 – Age 23 – 64 • 1980 – Age 23 – 101 • 2011 – Age 54 – 75 (death sentence appeal) • Psychologist thought Wood was faking low • Wood correctly used “big words” in his letters

  30. 165 Ted Kaczynski (155) 160 Charlene Gallego 152 Carroll Cole 145 Rudy Bladel Ed Kemper (136) Ronald Williams Herbert Coddington (142) 140 Charles Albright Robert Browne Harvey Glatman (130) 138 James Clifford Carson 136 Ted Bundy (125) 134 Thomas Dillon William Christenson 130 Lawrence Bittaker Juan Corona Gary Heidnik (148) Walter Leroy Moody (125) Marcel Petiot (135) Angel Resendez Gerard Schaefer 129 Bill Heirens Paul Knowles Randy Kraft 128 Joel Rifkin IntelligenceThe Smart

  31. 54 Donnie Gene Craig 57 Simon Pirela 58 John Staffen 60 Eugene Britt 62 Willie James Hodges (66) 63 Arthur Goode 64 John Thomas Straffen (58) Arthur Culombe 65 Albert Dyer Derrick Todd Lee (91) Sean Paul Hanify Karl Lee Myers (75) Charles Ng 66 Elroy Chester (69) Charles Troy Coleman 67 Sean Paul Hanify Donald William Dufour (62) IntelligenceThe Not So Smart

  32. Family Comparison *O’Hare (2008; Table 2) Updated 09/08/2012

  33. Birth Order Comparison Updated 09/08/2012

  34. General Serial Killer ProfileChildhood • Unstable home • Absence of loving and nurturing relationship • Physical ailments and disabilities • Head injuries • Triad • bed wetting • fire starting • animal torture

  35. Effects of the FamilyChild Abuse

  36. A Strange Way to Raise a ChildGary Heidnik • 3 years old • Didn’t clean room properly • Father hung him by his feet out of a 3rd story window

  37. A Strange Way to Raise a ChildHenry Lee Lucas • 3 years old • Mother forced him to watch her have sex with strangers • 7 years old • Mother made him go to school dressed like a girl • Mother beat him when his teacher gave him a pair of shoes • 10 Years old • Mother’s lover showed him how to kill animals and then have sex with them

  38. A Strange Way to Raise a ChildDanny Rolling • 6 months • Father kicked him into a wall • 1 year old • Father beat him when he crawled funny • 6-8 years old • Father beat him twice a week • 13 years old • Father handcuffs him to brother, beats them, leaves them outside

  39. A Strange Way to Raise a ChildRobert Garrow • 1 year old • Father made him kneel for hours in the corner • 2 years old • Mother splits his head open with a crowbar during a beating • 5 years old • Knocked unconscious when mother hits him in the head with a piece of wood • 6 Years old • Beaten unconscious by his father • Made to wear his sister’s bloomers out to play

  40. General Serial Killer ProfileForensic History • Triad • Most have a criminal history • 83.4% were previously arrested • 74.5% had spent time in jail or prison • Many received prior psychiatric treatment • 11.3% spent time in a forensic unit prior to their series • 6.0% killed prior to their serial killing • This is a difficult statistic to accurately compute Updated 09/08/2012

  41. Killer sex, race, age IQ psychopathology Crime Scene type of weapon use of torture attempt to hide body location Motive sex power financial gain Victim sex, race, age occupation personality Categorizing the Serial Killer

  42. Type of Victim ____________________________________________________ Spouse, Random Specific Specific Motive Family Strangers Type Strangers Employees Patients ________ ______ ________ _______ ________ _________ _______ MoneyBlack Contract Cost Lethal Widow Killer Cutter Caretaker SexDisorganized Organized Lust Lust ThrillDisorganized Organized Thrill Thrill PowerBluebeard Angels of Death Revenge Revenge PsychosisVisionary HateMissionary Attention Munchausen Munchausen No motiveAnti-social

  43. Broad Motive

  44. Types of Serial KillersVisionaries • Psychotic - told to kill • paranoia, schizophrenia • 1% of killers are psychotic (Henn et al., 1976) • Examples • Herbert Mullin • Miguel Rivera • Joseph Kallinger

  45. Herbert Mullin • Crimes • Operated during 1972-1973 • Killed 13 in Santa Cruz, CA • Shot most of his victims • Vision • Voices told him to shave his head and burn his penis with a cigarette (he obeyed) • Voices told him to kill in order to prevent a catastrophic earthquake

  46. Joseph Kallinger • Crimes • Operated during 1974-1975 • Murdered 3 in NJ and PA (including one of his sons) • Robbed and assaulted many others • His 13 year old son was his accomplice • Vision • Told by God (through a large floating head with tentacles) to murder young boys and sever their genitals

  47. Harvey Carignan • Crimes • Known as the “Want-ad Killer” • Operated in Seattle 1973-1974 • Killed 3 (probably many more) by smashing their skull with a hammer • Vision • Told by God to kill women • God didn’t tell him why

  48. Types of Serial KillersMissionaries • Kill to “Clean-up” world • Examples • Joseph Franklin • Killed interracial couples and African Americans • Wounded Vernon Jordan and Larry Flynt (Hustler Magazine) • Wolfgang Abel • Killed drug addicts • Axe Man of New Orleans • Killed 11 (most were Italian grocers) • Carroll Cole

  49. Carroll Edward Cole • Crimes • Operated during 1975-1980 • Killed at least 13 women in several western states • Mission • Rid the world of loose women • All his victims cheated on their significant-other with Cole

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