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Ecology

This resource explores key concepts in ecology related to organisms' roles within ecosystems, known as niches. It covers population dynamics, including carrying capacity and limiting factors, which influence how many individuals a habitat can sustain. The importance of biodiversity and its benefits to human society highlight the need for ecosystem stability. Additionally, the impact of human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change on biodiversity is discussed, along with solutions like biological control and conservation efforts.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Organisms Organisms

  2. Niche • It is an organisms role in the community. It includes: • what it eats • What eats it • What and how much resources it uses • Can you think of an example?

  3. Limits on population size • The maximum number of individuals of a species that an area can support is called carrying capacity • Limiting factors are factors that limit a populations size • Factors can be abiotic or biotic

  4. 2,000 dN  1.0N Exponential growth dt 1,500 K  1,500 Logistic growth Population size (N) 1,000 dN 1,500  N  1.0N dt 1,500 500 0 0 5 10 15 Number of generations Population growth

  5. Limiting factors • Examples of abiotic include: • Oxygen in a pond, • amount of sunlight • Temperature • Examples of biotic factors include: • Predators • Competition

  6. Figure 53.10 Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains

  7. Figure 53.11 An antarctic marine food web

  8. Other feeding relationships • Decomposers break down dead plants and animals. • This recycles the materials • Scavengers are consumers that eat dead organisms • Parasites attack living organisms

  9. Figure 54.2 Fungi decomposing a log

  10. Figure 54.11 An idealized pyramid of net production

  11. Materials are recycled but energy is NOT • Ecosystems need a constant source of energy from the sun.

  12. Figure 54.17 The carbon cycle

  13. Biodiversity • Is the measure of how many different species there are in an area • Ecosystems that have a high biodiversity are more stable • It is valuable to humans because it can be a source of medicine. • What other benefits are there? • Name a human activity that can lead to the loss of biodiversity

  14. Loss of Biodiversity • Direct Harvesting • Habitat destruction • Deforestation • Imported Species

  15. Water Pollution • Sewage and animal wastes add nutrients to the water • This causes algae to grow more and die more • Decomposers suck oxygen out of the water • If too much oxygen is removed, the fish begin to die

  16. Toxic Wastes • Chemicals that are added to lakes and rivers can kill off many kinds of organisms • An example is DDT • Biological control

  17. Burning fossil fuels • Burning oil and coal releases CO2 and sulfur into the air • Sulfur in the air will lead to acid rain that can damage or kill plants and animals • Can cause some lakes to be so acidic that nothing can live there • CO2 is a greenhouse gas and can lead to global warming • Ice caps can melt causing a rise in sea level and loss of coastline

  18. Ozone Depletion • Ozone is found in the upper atmosphere • It absorbs much of the harmful radiation from the sun • Depletion of the ozone will allow more harmful radiation to hit the Earth • This can lead to higher mutation and cancer rates.

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