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Management of prairies and wet sedge meadows

Management of prairies and wet sedge meadows Dr. Beth Middleton, USGS National Wetlands Research Center. James Bay peatland. Yellow Rail Habitat -short sedge & grass COSEWIC 2009. Cornus sericea. Preservation Era: woody species invasion. Longwa Lake National Park, NE China.

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Management of prairies and wet sedge meadows

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  1. Management of prairies and wet sedge meadows Dr. Beth Middleton, USGS National Wetlands Research Center

  2. James Bay peatland Yellow Rail Habitat -short sedge & grass COSEWIC 2009

  3. Cornus sericea Preservation Era: woody species invasion

  4. Longwa Lake National Park, NE China guerrilla – long internodes spread into new habitat phalanx – short internodes fully occupy existing habitat

  5. shrub/macrophyte invasion & landuse change Keoladeo NP, India Middleton et al. 1993 Palo Verde NP Costa Rica McCoy et al. 2001 Lodi Marsh State Preserve, WI USA Middleton 2002a, b, Middleton 2013 Longwa Lake NP NE China Middleton 2013 Australian grassland Yibarbuk et al. 2001 Appendix Middleton 2013 – 63 worldwide examples

  6. photo: Jane Austin photo: Lisa Jolly combined disturbance + = How is high biodiversity maintained? Fuhlendorf et al. 2001, 2004, 2008 Bachelet 2000

  7. Sources of biodiversity? The Players

  8. Why does this fen have high moth diversity? Liliummichiganense Dry to wet prairie fen gradient – multi-habitat. Recurring fire/herbivory opening space for herbs. Removal of tall vegetation is key! Cirsiumhillii Lodi Marsh, WI

  9. Worldwide ecosystem succession driven by disturbance. Shrub removal by cattle similar to bison?

  10. Bison vs Cattle: same or different shrub effect? -N Am bison & cattle similar impacts(Plumb & Dodd 1993) -both eat and knock down shrubs -Is it succession? A disturbance response? -what’s natural?

  11. Era of Land Usage Hunter-Gatherer→ Traditional Farmer →Preservationist

  12. ManagementPre-cultural DisturbanceRestrictive ReservesTraditional Agriculture Grazer Type bison: Europe/N America no bison low density cattle: Europe, China, hippopotamus: Africa N. America, Australia, India, Africa elephant: Africa water buffalo: Asia kangaroo: Australia sheep/goat: W N America, Europe, nilgai, black buck: India Mediterranean, India nutria: South America Fire yes (annual): N America no yes (generally) Mowing/Hand no no yes (N. America, Europe, China, Cutting Africa, India Middleton 2013

  13. Traditional agriculturalist wet grassland management -cattle grazing -wood cutting -fire

  14. photo: Lisa Jolly Traditional Agriculturalist & Native American Management -fire, wood cutting, grazing reduced shrubs -included both fire and grazing -maintained biodiversity

  15. worldwide abandonment of traditional agriculture -intensification after WWII -grasslands fire/grazing ceased

  16. photo: Jason Tesauro Bog turtles declined in New York State as dairy farms abandoned. Tesauro & Ehrenfeld 2007

  17. Lodi Marsh, WI Cattle Grazing Intensification & Crash, 1846-2013 Middleton 2002a

  18. EU Nature Preserves – low density cattle grazing -vegetation unchanged over the last 50 years Wesche et al. 2012

  19. non-equilibrium – no return to original condition heavy sustained grazing may damage permanently normal rain, snowmelt, groundwater dry fen flooded fen cattle grazing regeneration seed bank drought, fire normal rain Middleton 2006a

  20. R e c o v e r i n g G r a z e d S h r u b c a r r R e f e r e n c e S e d g e S e d g e S e d g e M e a d o w? M e a d o w M e a d o w Carex stricta Pycnanthemum/ Cornus seedling Cornus sapling Cornus adult Aster/Solidago Cornus sapling n o t g r a z e d 0 y e a rs 4 - 9 y e a r s 2 4 y e a r s future Carex tussock damage by cattle

  21. Carex tussock height after cattle grazing 1 5 . 9 1 6 . 1 1 1 . 9 grazed: 0 Y r 4 Y r 1 0 / 2 0 Y r 3 1 . 5 1 8 . 0 1 3 . 8 1 5 Y r 2 0 Y r 3 5 Y r F = 3.6, p < 0.05 reference: Middleton 2002a, b

  22. non-equilibrium post grazing no dogwood invasion in reference site Middleton 2002a 1977 2007

  23. Is burning enough? Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Lodi Marsh

  24. Fire related to short term biodiversity -burst of flowering, seed set

  25. winter – poor shrub removal rail – short vegetation

  26. photo: Jane Austin photo: Lisa Jolly combined disturbance + = How can we create proper mix of disturbance? - a look at worldwide methods….. Middleton 2013

  27. photo: Jane Austin photo: Lisa Jolly combined disturbance + = reintroduce European or American bison & fire Kuemerle et al. 2010; Middleton 2013

  28. Other ways to have grazing and fire….. -burning & cutting – North America & Australia -cutting, mowing, cattle – Europe -goats/cows to eat brambles Middleton et al. 2006

  29. Traditional farmers grazing, cutting, haying & burning Volunteers now do cutting and burning (Europe & US) Laborers in developing countries (India) photo: van Diggelen Questad et al. 2011 – haying in NA

  30. photos: Will Bond Alaska Environmental Contracting Ltd, Stokeford Farm, East Stoke Wareham, Dorset, UK

  31. Post-Grazing Seeds in Barn Hay Ambrosia artemisiifolia Cirsium arvense Plantago rugelii Taraxacum officinale Trifolium hybridum (Mt Pleasant & Schlather 1994) Epizoochorous Cirsium arvense Facilitator Cornus sericea Dairy Barn → Prairie Fen Nature management herds fed marsh hay? Grazing with horse/cow/goat kept in special paddock?

  32. Risk of introducing exotic species….. Native Typha latifolia in Lodi Marsh, WI (most likely)

  33. Literature Cited Bachelet, D., Lenihan, J.M., Daly, C., Neilson, R.P., 2000. Interactions between fire, grazing and climate at Wind Cave National Park, S.D. Ecol. Model. 134:229-244. COSEWIC. 2009. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the yellow rail Coturnicopsnoveboracensisin Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-62 pp. http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Yellow%20Rail_0810_e.pdf Fuhlendorf, S.D., Engle, D.M., 2001. Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands: ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns. BioScience 51:625-635. Fuhlendorf, S.D., Engle, D.M., 2004. Application of the fire─grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie. J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 604-614. Fuhlendorf, S.D., Engle, D.M., Kerby, J., Hamilton, R., 2008. Pyric herbivory: rewilding landscapes through the recoupling of fire and grazing. Conserv. Biol. 23:588-598. Kuemmerle, T., et al. 2010. European bison habitat in the Carpathian Mountains. Biological Conservation 143:908-916. McCoy, M.B., Rodriguez, J.M., 1994. Cattail (Typha dominguensis) eradication methods in the restoration of a tropical, seasonal, freshwater marsh, in: Mitsch, W.J. (Ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and New. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 469-482.

  34. Middleton, B.A. 2002a. Nonequilibrium dynamics of sedge meadows grazed by cattle in southern Wisconsin. Plant Ecology 161:89-110. www.springerlink.com/content/v0l42625k0g21141/ Middleton, B.A. 2002b. Winter burning and the reduction of Cornus sericea in sedge meadows in southern Wisconsin. Restoration Ecology 10:1-8. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01053.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+17+March Middleton, B.A., B. Holsten, B., R. van Diggelen, R. 2006. Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning. Applied Vegetation Science 9:307-316. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2006.tb00680.x/abstract Middleton, B.A. 2013. Rediscovering traditional vegetation management in preserves: trading experiences between cultures and continents. Biological Conservation 158:271-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.003 Middleton, B.A., van der Valk, A.G., Williams, R.L., Mason, D.J., C.B. Davis, C.B. 1991. Vegetation dynamics and seed banks of a monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalumdistichum in northern India. Aquatic Botany 40:239-259. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377091900619 Mt. Pleasant J., Schlather, K.J., 1994. Incidence of weed seed in cow (Boss sp.) manure and its importance as a weed source for cropland. Weed Tech. 8: 304-310.

  35. Plumb, G.E., Dodd, J.L., 1993. Foraging ecology of bison and cattle on a mixed prairie: implications for natural area management. Ecol. Appl. 3: 631-643. Questad, E. J., Foster, B.L., Jog, S., Kindscher, K., Loring, H. 2011. Evaluating patterns of biodiversity in managed grasslands using spatial turnover metrics. Biological Conservation 144:1050-1058 Tesauro, J., Ehrenfeld, D. 2007. The effects of livestock grazing on the bog turtle [Glyptemys (+Clemmys) muhlenbergii]. Herpetologica 63:293-300. van Diggelen, R., Middleton, B. J. Bakker, A. Grootjans and M. Wassen. 2006. Fens and floodplains of the temperate zone – Present status, threats, conservation and restoration. Applied Vegetation Science 9:157-162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2006.tb00664.x/abstract Wang, G., B.A. Middleton, M. Jiang. 2013. Restoration potential of sedge meadows in hand-cultivated soybean fields in northeastern China. Restoration Ecologyhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12015/abstract . Wesche, K., Krause, B., Culmsee, H., Leuschner, C., 2012. Fifty years of change in Central European grassland vegetation: large losses in species richness and animal-pollinated plants. Biol. Conserv. 150, 76-85. Yibarbuk, D., Whitehead, P.J., Russell-Smith, J., Jackson, D., Godjuwa, C., Fisher, A., Cooke, P., Choquenot, D., Bowman, D.M.J.S., 2001. Fire ecology and aboriginal land management in central Arnhem Land, northern Australia: a tradition of ecosystem management. J. Biogeogr. 28, 325-343.

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