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History of the Middle East

History of the Middle East. Mandate (in the League of Nations) = following WWI, countries were given the right to control the government and affairs of a former Turkish territory or German colony. To the victors go the spoils. Iraq.

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History of the Middle East

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  1. History of the Middle East

  2. Mandate (in the League of Nations) = following WWI, countries were given the right to control the government and affairs of a former Turkish territory or German colony. • To the victors go the spoils

  3. Iraq • 1920- given to Great Britain as a “mandate”(result of WWI, just like Palestine) • 1932 gained independence from Britain • Kingdom of Iraq (Monarchy) • 1979 Saddam Hussein becomes president • declares war on Iran (Iraq-Iran War) • Kurdish Genocide: killing of 50,000-100,000 Kurds by Saddam’s govt. via chemical attack • Persian Gulf War: Saddam invades Kuwait; U.S. led coalition forces Iraq out of Kuwait • 2003 2nd Gulf War: U.S. invades Iraq; topples Saddam’s govt.; democracy est.

  4. Lebanon • Post-WWI mandate of France • 1943 granted independence by France • 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War: • Maronite Christians supported by Israel and the West vs. Arab nationalists, Muslims, and Palestinians supported by Soviets • Outcome:120,000 deaths & 1 million wounded • 2006 Conflict with Israel • Hezbollah bases located in Lebanon (Islamic militant group) • 2010 Arab Spring protests • minor/no changes

  5. Syria • Post-WWI mandate of France • 1946 granted independence by France • 1970 Hafiz al-Asad overthrows govt. in a bloodless coup • 2000 Bashar al-Asad (son) becomes president • March 2011-Present Syrian Civil War: rebels revolt against govt.

  6. Reasons for revolution • President Bashar al-Assad: followed in the same footsteps as his dad • Large divide between rich and poor • Population growth • Corruption • Violence against the citizens • New media made this possible (Twitter, facebook, texts, pictures, videos) • NEWS PAPERS

  7. Afghanistan • Mid-1800’s • Durand Line creates boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan dividing Pashtuns. • politically dividing two ethnic groups who live on both sides of the border (India all over again) • one of the most dangerous borders in the world • smuggling of weapons • Kidnappings and murders are frequent • How does this lawless land hurt/help America’s was on terrorism?

  8. 1978 communist govt. created • Mujahideen fighters (Muslim Afghan opposition youth groups trained in Pakistan) • 1979-1989 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan (Soviets defeated) • 1989-1996 Afghan Civil War = Taliban seizes control of Afghanistan • Taliban (Islamic militant political group created from religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan)

  9. 1996-2001 Taliban rule of Afghanistan • Strict Islamic law = Human rights violations • Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan since 1997 • 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom • Allied invasion of Afghanistan • overthrow Taliban and est. Democracy • 2009-2012 Taliban insurgency and Peace Talks

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