U.S. History Chapter 6

1. U.S. HistoryChapter 6 Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework

2. 1. Explain how the United States confronted the difficult task of forming a new government. • What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789? • It established a judicial system in the United States by creating the Supreme Court and the lower Federal Courts. • What departments comprised the nation’s first Cabinet? • Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of War – Henry Knox • Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

3. 3. Describe how political differences evolved into a two-party system. • What were the main differences between Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans? • Federalists – Strong Central Government, Loose Interpretation of the Constitution, distrusted the common man (restricted voting rights), favored Great Britain in foreign policy matters. • Dem.-Rep.s – Weak Central Government, Strict interpretation of the Constitution, believed the common man was the cornerstone of democracy (increased voting rights), favored France in foreign policy matters. • What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end? • The excise tax on Whiskey and the Corn Farmers’ call for secession. • Washington and Hamilton led an army into Pennsylvania to demonstrate the Federal government’s intent to enforce its laws.

4. 4. Summarize the nation’s developing foreign policy with France, Great Britain, and Spain. • What was America’s reaction to the French Revolution? • The nation was divided between political parties over support or opposition to sending aid. George Washington proclaimed a policy of neutrality, angering the French. • What was the result of Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain? • American agriculture and fur industry gained access to the Port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River, greatly increasing the profits of their trade.

5. 2. Show how the political ideas of Hamilton and Jefferson differed. • What were the differences between Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s views of government? • Hamilton supported a government by the wealthy elite (did not trust the common man). • Jefferson supported a small government run by the common man (did not trust the wealthy elite). • What were the main components of Hamilton’s economic plan? • Assuming the debts of the States, invoking an excise tax on Whiskey, and creating a National Bank (Bank of the U.S.) • How did the nation’s capital come to be located in Washington D.C.? • It was a trade-off, the southern states would support Hamilton’s debt plan in exchange for moving the Capital from New York City to a new, more southern site.

6. 5. Explain how the United States dealt with Native Americans and with British interests west of the Appalachians. • What were the causes and consequences of the Battle of Fallen Timbers? • The Native Americans in the Ohio Territory never gave up claim to that land. After two major defeats, General Anthony Wayne was sent to the region and defeated the Natives at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, ending Native American resistence in Ohio. • What was the outcome of Jay’s Treaty? • Angered American fur traders in the Ohio Territory. It allowed the British to maintain forts and trade posts on American soil.

7. 6. Identify some of the deep divisions between Federalists and Republicans. • How did the election of 1796 underscore the growing danger of sectionalism? • There was a clear division in the nation between north and south demonstrated by the votes of the Electoral college. • What was the XYZ Affair? • French demanded a bribe before allowing American delegates to negotiate for the sovereignty of American shipping, a strong sign of the disrespect shown to the new republic. • What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts? • To silence criticism of John Adams’s stance on neutrality and to drive out the “foreign” influence that was infiltrating America. • What was the theory of nullification? • The concept that a state government could override Federal Laws if that state deemed the law unjust, a clear violation of Federalism.

8. 7. Identify some of the significant changes brought about during the early years of Jefferson’s Presidency. • How was the Presidential election of 1800 decided? • By the House of Representatives, Alexander Hamilton convinced enough Federalists to vote for Jefferson that he would become President. • How did the outcome of the election lead to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment? • It showed a major flaw in the electoral system and resulted in the Electoral College casting separate votes for President and Vice President.

9. 8. Provide examples of the declining power of the Federalists. • How did Jefferson simplify the Presidency? • He cut the size of the Army, halted the planned expansion of the Navy, and cut costs for White House social functions. He also cut all internal taxation and lessened the influence of the Bank of the United States. • What factors led to the decline of the Federalist Party? • Jefferson’s shrinking of the influence of the Federal Government, the Federalist refusal to partake in campaigning (they were too good to appeal to the common man), expansion led to a growth in the power of the commoner (who obviously voted Dem.-Rep.). • What was the principle of Judicial Review? • The ability of the Supreme Court to rule an Act of Congress unconstitutional (established by the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison)

10. 9. Summarize the importance of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. • How did America gain the Louisiana Territory? • A revolution in Haiti caused the French to offer a sale of the Territory, Jefferson (realizing the benefit of acquiring the Port of New Orleans) jumped on the purchase. • What parts of the country did Lewis and Clark explore? • From St. Louis to the Pacific Coast, through what is today known as the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

11. 10. Explain the events that led to the War of 1812. • What British activities angered Americans? • Violations of the “Freedom of the Seas” Doctrine (Impressment and the Chesapeake Incident), Their arming of the Native Americans (British Rifles found at the Battle of Tippecanoe) • For what reasons did the Americans and the Shawnee tribe clash? • Over the perceived theft of 3 million acres of tribal land by Government William Henry Harrison of Indiana.

12. 11. Summarize the course of the war. • Why did the Americans meet with military failure in Canada? • The Army was unprepared for War, the British were in a position of strength in Canada, also the Native Americans fought with the British in hopes of regaining some of their lost lands. • What role did Andrew Jackson play in the war? • He crushed Native American military power in the South, then defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans (which occurred after the war was, technically, over). • What were the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent? • Declared an armistice that ended the fighting in the War of 1812 • Did not address Freedom of the Seas (impressment or neutral shipping rights) • Many of the issues that caused the war would be dealt with in later Treaties.