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Research Paper

Research Paper. Step-by-Step. Formatting. First, paginate. Here’s how : 1 . Open a new document in Word and, first, set the font to Times New Roman 12 pt . 2. Click the Insert tab 3 . Click Page Number. 4 . Click “Top of Page” 5. Click “Plain Number 3”

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Research Paper

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  1. Research Paper Step-by-Step

  2. Formatting First, paginate. Here’s how: 1. Open a new document in Word and, first, set the font to Times New Roman 12 pt. 2. Click the Insert tab 3. Click Page Number

  3. 4. Click “Top of Page” 5. Click “Plain Number 3” 6. Type your last name in front of the 1, with a space between. (Now your last name will appear on every page with the page number in sequence.) 7. Click below the line to get out of the header mode.

  4. Double-space the entire paper before you even start writing: 8. Click the Home tab. 9. Click on the corner of the Paragraph box.

  5. 10. Choose “Double” from the Line spacing drop-down window. Check the box for “Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style.”

  6. 11. Type your personal info. on the left, BELOW the imaginary line, so it’s NOT part of the header (otherwise, it would appear on every page). The personal info. goes only on the first page. You have just set the entire paper to be double-spaced in Step 8-10, so don’t do any extra spacing when you type your personal info. Just type it, so that the paper is double-spaced evenly all the way down (no extra white space in the personal info. or before/after the title). Your Name Teacher Name Course Name Day Month (full spelling) Year (no comma)

  7. 12. Give your paper a title and center it. Your title can simply be your topic (e.g., The Media in World War II) or something more clever. This title should NOT be enlarged, NOT underlined, and NOT put into quotation marks.

  8. 13. Save the document to your network H:\ drive. • CAUTION: there are two folders with your initials & ID#. You must save to the H:\ drive initials & ID#, not the desktop one. If you save to the desktop one, it will not be there when you log back on, and technology CANNOT retrieve it! • Call the file “Research Paper.” • For back-up: also e-mail it to yourself using Pirate e-mail or Google. Or save it to your own thumb drive. Get into the habit of saving everything in more than one place—you don’t want the stress of losing files because you didn’t back them up.

  9. Writing the Essay 1. Make sure you have set the font to Times New Roman 12 pt. for the whole paper(you already should have set it on Step 1 of the formatting). 2. Go to the next line under your title. Make sure the cursor isn’t centered anymore. 3. Hit the TAB button to indent the first line of your first paragraph. Type your thesis statement from your outline packet. If you didn’t do your outline packet, then write your thesis statement now. Remember, a thesis statement…

  10. Athesis statement: • is 1-2 sentences in which you take a position on the topic • must be appropriate for the sources you’ve summarized (what are your sources collectively proving?) • must be about the media • must be an arguable opinion of yours (others could disagree) • will be supported by each paragraph of your paper • Student Example…

  11. Athesis statement: • Student Example: In wartime, the people’s right to know isn’t as important as national securityand the safety of the troops. For that reason, it was a good idea that the media’scoverage of World War II was censored, leaving out the details of the war andmostly focusing on what citizens could do to support the troops. • If you can’t think of one yet, skip down to the next item and come back to the thesis later when you have a better idea of what your sources are collectively proving.

  12. 4. Get out your Annotated Bibliographies (Part 1 and Part 2) or your printed articles. 5. After your thesis statement, go to the next line and hit the TAB button to start a second paragraph, where you will put your first piece of information from an article to support your thesis—the next slide will show you how…

  13. You will “sandwich” the information between a top layer of where it comes from (signal phrase) and a bottom layer of opinion. Start setting up the sandwich like this: The top bread: This is very short. It is called the signal phrase. Tell what author--or article title if no author--the information comes from (you may get this from your Annotated Bibliographies). Also put says • Student Example: Harry Henderson says • Unknown Author: The article “Perspectives and Issues” says

  14. The meat: After the top bread, summarize the information from the article or use an exact quote--or a mix of both (you may get this from your Annotated Bibliographies). Make sure you don’t create sentence fragments. • Student Example of an Exact Quote: Harry Henderson says,“All these channels of information can be tapped by people interested in persuading other people,” thanks to technology like the Internet. • Student Example of a Summary: Harry Henderson says thatthere are so many ways the average person can try to convince the public, thanks to technology like the Internet.

  15. The bottom bread – give your opinion about the information/meatthat you just put (you may get this from your evaluations on your Annotated Bibliographies). * It is very important that you distinguish where your opinion sentences begin. You don’t want the reader to think your opinions are the author’s, so start your opinion by commenting on the author, similar to this: - This author (or this article) makes a good point because… - This author (or this article) is not very reasonable because… - Do NOT start with I think… (I, me, my are too informal for a research paper).

  16. Student Example of Bottom Bread: This author makes a good point because reporting seems to have become something that anybody with a blog can do, whether they are qualified to comment on current events or not.

  17. The whole paragraph sandwich would look like this: Harry Henderson says that there are so many ways the average person can try to convince the public, thanks to technology like the Internet.This author makes a good point because reporting seems to have become something that anybody with a blog can do, whether they are qualified to comment on current events or not.

  18. At the end of class each day, make sure you save again to your H drive. For back-up, also e-mail it to yourself using Pirate e-mail or Google. Or save it to your own thumb drive. Get into the habit of saving everything in more than one place—you don’t want the stress of losing files because you didn’t back them up.

  19. 6. Go to the next line and hit the TAB button to start the next paragraph, where you will put your next piece of information from an article. • Follow the “sandwich” procedure from the previous steps for every paragraph of your paper as you continue to put in information from articles. Without the top bread/signal phrase, you are plagiarizing—even if you’re summarizing instead of using an exact quote.

  20. The top bread/signal phrase doesn’t always have to beso-and-so says. Choose from these words, so you don’t use “says” too often: acknowledges adds admits agrees argues asserts believes claims comments compares confirms contends declares denies disputes emphasizes endorses grants illustrates implies insists notes observes points out reasons refutes rejects reports responds suggests thinks writes Student Example: Harry Henderson asserts…

  21. Amounts 1. The final draft must be 4-6 pages, depending on the grade you want. I won’t accept fewer than 4 full pages (not counting the Works Cited page). Every page must be double-spaced, Times New Roman 12-point font, with no oversized margins. If you turn in a paper that doesn’t meet those requirements, it will be handed back to you with a zero until you fix it. 2. You must use 5 or more authors/articles in 5 or more different places in your paper. Every place you mention one, it must be easily found in the Works Cited page at the end of your paper.

  22. 3. You must use an exact quote from at least 3 of those 5 articles. There is no limit to how many times you can use exact quotes, but they should NOT go past four lines long. Do NOT use back-to-back exact quotes. 4. Your paper must have ONE and only ONE long quote. See the 7 “Deadly” MLA Rules later in this slideshow for how to do long quotes. 5. You must give your opinion in every paragraph about the information there. You must distinguish where your opinion sentences begin with something like This author (or this article) makes a good point because…

  23. Grading The Final Draft gets three major grades: the Contract Grade, the Product Grade, and the Form Grade. 1. Contract Grade The contract grade will be determined by the turning in of your paper on time and on the following:

  24. You may not contract for a lower grade than 80; therefore, the 80 requirements are the minimum requirements. For example, if you try to turn in a 3 ½-page paper, it will be handed back to you with a zero until you add what is missing. Or if you turn in a paper with only 2 authors or articles mentioned, it will be a zero until you add what is missing. You may still earn less than an 80 because 5 points will be deducted each day until you add what is missing. Unlike other assignments, you cannot perform below the standard and just accept whatever grade you get. If you never meet the minimum requirements of the Contract Grade, you will take zeroes on all three major grades (Contract, Product, and Form), which means you will fail and not graduate.

  25. 2. Product Grade The product grade will be based on how well you develop your thesis. Make sure your thesis statement is persuasive, make sure the body of the paper supports your thesis with reasons and evidence, and make sure there are no fragments, run-ons, awkward sentences, or spelling errors. See the rest of this slideshow for help on this.

  26. 3. Form Grade The form grade will be given according to how well you follow that nitpicky MLA format for the “sandwich” method, the works cited page, exact quotes, etc. You will fail this part if you do not pay close attention to the details of MLA format. See the rest of this slideshow for help on this.

  27. Due Date: The Final Draft is due Friday, February 14, 2014. There is only a two-day window after that for lateness. You must turn in your paper by then, even if it is incomplete. Turning it in by the deadline is required for graduation. Leading up to the deadline, there will be separate due dates and grades for progress on the rough draft.

  28. When You Summarize You can NOT simply copy all the information you want to use—you must word it in a different way. Here is how to summarize an article without plagiarizing it: 1. Read the part you want to use. 2. Look away from it. Then write what you remember in your own words. 3. Then compare your version with the original to make sure you’ve changed the words and their order, so that you are giving the same information but in alternative style (like retelling a story your own way).

  29. 4. Remember, you do NOT have to change words like numbers, dates, names of people, companies, organizations, cities, countries, or other proper nouns, names of religions, races, species, titles of books, films, or albums. Follow these instructions carefully! I can tell if you plagiarized even if Turnitin.com doesn’t catch it! I only use Turnitin.com as a tool. If it says you didn’t plagiarize, but you actually did, I will still catch it myself.

  30. When You Quote Exactly Your exact quotes must be done correctly: • Comma after says, and a capital letter to begin the quote. Student Example: Gene Busnarasserts, “The Beatles’ neat, cuddly image was easy to caricature.” • No comma after says that and no capital letter beginning the quote. Student Example: Alan Axelrod adds that “at this point the feud had begun.”

  31. 3. When you blend an exact quote into your own words, make sure it flows grammatically and use no comma and no capital letter. Student Example: According to John Hudson, King Henry’s attempt at transferring these cases was seen to Thomas as “a distinct threat to the church’s independence from secular authority.”

  32. 4. It is okay to put in a quote in the middle of a paragraph, as long as you put a top bread/signal phrase.Student Example: Frederick Lane believes that the personal computer has posed new challenges for employers worried about workplace productivity. Technology has become so sophisticated that it now makes non-work-related computer activities easy and inviting. Giving employees access to the Internetis “roughly the equivalent of installing a gazillion-channel television set for each employee.”The author makes a good point because employees are not being paid to play around, yet that is what essentially happens in most businesses.

  33. 5. There is no limit to how many times you can use exact quotes, but they should notgo past four lines long. Do notuse back-to-back exact quotes because that is equivalent to having one quote that is too long. Student Example: Jonathan Frakes says, “The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched against the Muslims.” “In 1065, Jerusalem was taken by the Turks. Three thousand Christians were massacred” (Smith). Brent McFadden says, “The defeat of the Byzantine army led the Byzantine emperor to appeal to the pope for aid against the Muslims.”

  34. When Giving Your Opinions If you aren’t sure what opinions to give about the information you use in a paragraph, try answering a couple of these questions: 1. Do you agree with the author? Why? 2. Does the author seem biased or overly emotional about the topic? How? 3. How does the information compare to your personal experience? 4. How does the information compare to what goes on in the world?

  35. 7 “Deadly” MLA Rules 1. You MUST give a signal phrase—e.g. Harry Henderson says—for every piece of information you include from a source NO MATTER WHAT: • When you quote directly • When you summarize/put it in your own words • When you give statistics • ANYTHING THAT ISN’T COMMON KNOWLEDGE! If the author is unknown, you must give the article title: The article “Perspectives and Issues” says

  36. You quote directly: Harry Henderson says, “Out of this torrent of stories, all delivered in about the same tone of importance, it has become hard to tell what really is important.” OR You summarize: Harry Henderson discusses how difficult it is now to determine what information really matters because of the way the news floods us with current events and makes them all seem equally significant.

  37. The signal phrase Harry Henderson saysindicates that the information came from his article, not from you. Since you gave the author’s name, the reader can look up the source in your Works Cited page at the end of your paper. The name in your signal phrase MUST be easily found in your Works Cited page alphabetically.

  38. The signal phrase Harry Henderson says indicates that the information came from his article, not from you. Since you gave the author’s name, the reader can look up the source in your Works Cited page at the end of your paper. The name in your signal phrase MUST be easily found in your Works Cited page alphabetically. Works Cited Cunningham, Erin. “Egypt’s Jon Stewart Treads Carefully.” Post25Oct. 2013. Student Resources in Context. Web. 28 Henderson, Harry. “Perspectives and Issues.” Power of the News New York: Facts on File, 2004. Student Resources in 13 Nov. 2012. Killough, Ashley. “North Carolina GOP Precinct Chair Resigns CNN Wire 25 Oct. 2013. Student Resources in Context. Pollak, Joel B. “Krauthammer vs. Stewart on The Daily Show.” Newsletter. 24 Oct. 2013. Opposing Viewpoints.in Context.

  39. 2. A parenthetical citation (Jones) is NOT needed at the end of the sentence because the author is already stated as the signal phrase. Student Example: • David Jones characterizes the Europeans as “hunters for gold or pursuers of fame.” Unknown Author: • The article “Media Madness” says that Americans don’t think the media should be abolished, just repaired. Don’t need (Jones) at the end. Author’s name is the signal phrase. Don’t need (“Media”) at the end. Article title is the signal phrase.

  40. The signal phrase introduces the information. Readers will understand that everything in the paragraph after the name is from that source: Student Example: Frederick Lane believes that the personal computer has posed new challenges for employers worried about workplace productivity. Technology has become so sophisticated that it now makes non-work-related computer activities easy and inviting. Giving employees access to the Internet is about the same as giving them their own TV’s. Student’s opinions about the info. cited in this paragraph go here…

  41. 3. Long quotes: Long quotes are DOUBLE indented & have NO quotation marks. Jones characterizes the Europeans as somewhat brutal: ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------. Introduced w/ a complete sentence which includes the author’s name and ends in a colon. Long quotes must go to 5th line or more, but not beyond 8 lines. Your paper must have ONE and only ONE long quote.

  42. Special Situations…

  43. 4. The only time to use a parenthetical citation—e.g. (Jones) or (“Media”)—at the end of a sentence is if you weaved in a piece of info. from a new source not mentioned in the signal phrase. Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (Pendergrast). New source, different from Braun but in same paragraph.

  44. In those cases, the parenthetical citation should only be ONE word: The entire citation is the author’s last name. Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (Pendergrast). Between the last word of the sentence and the parenthesis, put a space. Put the period outside, after the parenthesis.

  45. In those cases, the parenthetical citation should only be ONE word: Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (“Uncommon”). Let’s say the new source doesn’t have an author. Then use the first word of the article title (skip “A” and “The”). And make sure you use quotation marks.

  46. 5. If you have more than one article by the SAME author, the signal phrase will have to also specify the article title: • Situation: If Robert Ballard wrote “The Finding of the Titanic” and also “The Wreck of the Century,” how are we to know which article you mean if you only put the author? Add the article title: Student Example: Robert Ballard’s article “The Finding of the Titanic”says, “The wreck was awe inspiring.”

  47. 6. What if two articles have no author, and they have exactly the same titles? The signal phrase will have to also specify the magazine title or website: Situation: Two articles have no author, and they are both called “Caffeine Harms” and “Caffeine Harms”. Include the magazine title or website: Student Example: The article “Caffeine Harms” in Science Weekly says that for those people who already lead a healthy lifestyle, drinking a little coffee will not cause heart disease.

  48. 7. If you use an actual book you can hold in your hands, you must give the page number used: • Situation: You’re using information from a library book called Buzz: the Science and Lore of Alcohol and Caffeine by Steve Richardson. Student Example: Steve Richardson says, “Nearly all the studies linking coffee with increased cholesterol have involved unfiltered coffee” (27). Include the pagenumber where you found the information, but don’t put “pg.”

  49. Finishing Your Paper • After you finish all your paragraphs, go back up to your thesis statement and make sure it covers everything you wrote about. Also add an interesting hook before the thesis to pull in the reader. You might also have to add more sentences to your thesis to make your topic and opinion clear. • Go down to your last paragraph and add a concluding paragraph that sums up your paper and restates your thesis.

  50. 3. Go back through your essay and add a topic sentence before the top bread/signal phrase of each paragraph. This topic sentence should give one reason for your thesis or the aspect of your thesis that you address in that paragraph. It might also explain what the situation is with the information in that paragraph (like background). Student Example…

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