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This is NOT a Science Fiction Tale

This is NOT a Science Fiction Tale. Expert Systems in Archaeology and Culture Heritage. 20 years later. Is it possible to design a machine to do archaeology?. Will this machine be capable of acting like a scientist?. Was it used as a bottle?. What’s this?. Was it used as an arrow point?.

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This is NOT a Science Fiction Tale

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  1. This is NOT a Science Fiction Tale Expert Systems in Archaeology and Culture Heritage. 20 years later

  2. Is it possible to design a machine to do archaeology?

  3. Will this machine be capable of acting like a scientist?

  4. Was it used as a bottle? What’s this? Was it used as an arrow point? YES

  5. THINK(rationally), PERCEIVE-EXPLAIN

  6. Expert System • A computer system that is programed to mimic the procedures and decisions that "experts" make. • A domain specific knowledge base combined with an inference engine that processes knowledge encoded in the knowledge base to respond to a user's request for advice

  7. The Structure of Archaeological Intelligence EXPLANATIONS DATA

  8. Jean Claude Gardin:“Une Archéologie Théorique” (1979)

  9. Rules • If (x,y,z) are proper empirical features of Object F1 And (v,w) are proper definition terms of Concept F Or there is some contextual similarity between F and F1 • Then F1 activates F Object (F1) is an instance of Concept (F) EXAMPLES: IF (x) is a settlement And (x) has (y) in quantity (h) And (y) is an object of ceramics or (y) is a glassware And (y) is dated in the 10 th century BC THEN VERIFY THE ORIGIN OF (y) IF (Goal) is TO VERIFY THE ORIGIN OF (y) And (y) is made of foreign material THEN (y) is an Imported Object IF (y) is an Imported Object And (y) is similar to the Muslim pottery from the Castle of Silves (Portugal) THEN (x) has Foreign Trade evidence.

  10. EXPERT SYSTEMS IN ARCHAEOLOGY A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPLICATIONS

  11. LITHAN (LITHic ANalysis of stone tools)http://www.hf.uio.no/iakk/roger/lithic/expsys.html. if platform Thickness <5 and ButtType = "prepared" and Sides = "parallel" and Ridges = "parallel" then put "TECHBLADE" If length/width ratio >2 and width <12 mm. then put "BLADE LET" if diff (length - width) > 0 and distalRetouch = "DISTAL" then put "END SCRAPER" If percussionCone = "no cone" and butt = "un-lipped" and bulb = "diffuse" then put "SOFT HAMMER" if endForm = "ROUND" then put "END SCRAPER" if endForm = "CARINATED" then put "CARINATED END SCRAPER"

  12. AVIAN ARCHAEOZOOLOGY

  13. Archaeological Applications of Expert Systems Technology • LITHIC ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION • ARCHAEOZOOLOGY: ANIMAL BONES DETERMINATION • TYPOLOGY • ANCIENT WOOD TAXONOMY • ARCHAEOMETRY: PROVENANCE STUDIES • RECONSTRUCTION • EXPLAINING DECORATIVE PATTERNS • EPIGRAPHY AND ANCIENT TEXTS • MUSEOLOGICAL AND CURATOR STUDIES • GEOSCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS • SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION

  14. However

  15. data ≠ knowledge

  16. The impossibility of “artificial” intelligence?

  17. I’m sorry. I have no answer. Nobody taught me I should learn that solution

  18. THE TASK: to find the common structure in a given perceptual sequence ASSUMPTION: the structure that is common across many individual instances of the same cause-effect relationship must be definitive of that group

  19. OBSERVATION OF INDIVIDUAL INSTANCES C O M M U N A L I T I E S Cause Effect Cause Effect ... ... Cause Effect Cause Effect + PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: constraints that will ensure that the predictions drawn by an automated archaeologist will tend to be plausible and relevant to the system’s goals testing Description Explanation Feedback cycle Inference of a general model

  20. Simulation

  21. Bayesian networks NEURAL NETWORKS

  22. SOFT CLASSIFICATION FUZZY LOGIC MODULE

  23. LOHSE, E.S., SCHOU,C., SCHLADER,R., SAMMONS,D, 2004, “Automated Classification of Stone projectile Points in a Neural Network”. In Enter the Past.The e-way into the four dimensions of culture heritage. Edited by Magistrat der Stadt Wien-Referat Kulturelles Erbe-Städtarhchäologie Wien. Oxford, ArcheoPress (B AR Int. Series, S1227), pp. 431-437).

  24. J.A. BARCELO, 1995  Back-propagation algorithms to compute similarity relationships among archaeological artifacts. In Computer Applications in Archaeology.  Edited By r J. Wilcock y K. Lockyear. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. DIAZ,D., CASTRO,D., 2001, “Pattern Recognition applied to Rock Art”. In Archaeological Informatics: Pushing the Envelope. Edited by Göran Burenhult. Oxford: ArchaeoPress (BAR Int. Series S1016)., pp. 463-468.

  25. LOPEZ MOLINERO, A., CASTRO,A., PINO,J., PEREZ-ARANTEGUI, J., CASTILLO, J.R., 2000, “Classification of Ancient Roman Glazed Ceramics using the neural network of self-organizing maps” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 367: 586-589.

  26. Is it possible to design a machine to do archaeology?

  27. Fuzzy Rules Situated explanation

  28. Do we reject Artificial Intelligence Tools and methods in Culture Heritage Research? Or we can use it effectively!

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